More than one choice may apply. Which of the following hormones is (are) secreted by neurons?
a. Oxytocin
b. Insulin
c. ADH
d. Cortisol

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the question: The problem asks which hormones are secreted by neurons. Hormones secreted by neurons are typically produced by neuroendocrine cells, which release hormones directly into the bloodstream in response to neural signals.
2. Review the options: Analyze each hormone listed (Oxytocin, Insulin, ADH, Cortisol) and determine whether it is secreted by neurons or other types of cells.
3. Step 3: Oxytocin and ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) are secreted by neurons in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland for release into the bloodstream. These are examples of neurohormones.
4. Step 4: Insulin is secreted by beta cells in the pancreas, which are not neurons but endocrine cells. Therefore, insulin is not secreted by neurons.
5. Step 5: Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex, which is stimulated by the pituitary hormone ACTH. Cortisol is produced by endocrine cells, not neurons.

Key Concepts

Neurohormones

Neurohormones are hormones that are produced and secreted by neurons. They are released into the bloodstream and can affect distant target organs. Examples include oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which play crucial roles in various physiological processes such as water balance and social bonding.

Endocrine System

The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones regulate numerous bodily functions, including metabolism, growth, and mood. Unlike neurohormones, hormones like insulin and cortisol are secreted by specific glands (pancreas and adrenal glands, respectively) rather than neurons.

Hormonal Functions

Hormones are chemical messengers that coordinate various physiological processes in the body. Each hormone has specific functions; for instance, oxytocin is involved in childbirth and lactation, while cortisol helps manage stress and metabolism. Understanding the roles of these hormones is essential for recognizing their effects on health and behavior.