Mr. Gupta has been diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome, which is characterized by the loss of plasma proteins such as albumin into the urine. What impact will this have on his colloid osmotic pressure? How will this affect the net filtration pressure in his capillary beds? What effect will this likely cause?

Predict the effects the following scenarios would have on glomerular filtration:

a. Having excess proteins in the blood, increasing colloid osmotic pressure

Predict the effects the following scenarios would have on glomerular filtration:

b. Having low arterial blood pressure (hypotension)

Predict the effects the following scenarios would have on glomerular filtration:

c. Having high arterial blood pressure (hypertension)

Trace the pathway taken by a molecule of urea through the kidney from the glomerulus to the renal pelvis if the urea is recycled.

Explain why urinary tract infections, which involve the urethra and urinary bladder, are much more common in females than males.

Why must the kidneys establish a concentration gradient in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla in order to produce concentrated urine?

Drugs that treat hypertension, or high blood pressure, have the following actions. Discuss the specific effect that each drug will have on the kidneys.

a. Blocking the action of aldosterone on the kidneys

Drugs that treat hypertension, or high blood pressure, have the following actions. Discuss the specific effect that each drug will have on the kidneys.

b. Blocking the receptor for angiotensin-II on blood vessels and in the renal tubule cells

Drugs that treat hypertension, or high blood pressure, have the following actions. Discuss the specific effect that each drug will have on the kidneys.

c. Blocking the Na+/Cl−/2K+ transport pumps in the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop

Mr. Wu is a patient with kidney disease who presents to your clinic for monitoring. You notice on his chart that his GFR was estimated through inulin administration to be about 35 ml/min. What does this tell you about the health of his kidneys? Mr. Wu is taking a medication that is normally excreted from the body in the urine. You order blood work and find that the concentration of this medication in his plasma is much higher than normal. How does his decreased GFR explain the elevated level of medication in his plasma?

Deana is a 4-year-old girl with a rare genetic defect that causes the Na⁺/glucose symporters in the proximal tubule to reabsorb fewer glucose and sodium ions than normal. Predict the effects this defect will have on the composition and volume of Deana's urine. Explain why you would expect to see increased activity of the tubuloglomerular feedback and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in Deana's kidneys.

Explain how each of the drugs in question 1 from this section would lower blood ​pressure.

What might it mean if you found a high concentration of urobilinogen in your patient's urine? (Hint: Consider the source of urobilinogen.)

What are the four main organs of the urinary system?

Which of the following is not a physiological process carried out by the kidneys?

a. Blood pressure regulation

b. Tubular reabsorption

c. Tubular secretion

d. Glomerular filtration

e. All of the above are physiological processes carried out by the kidneys.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

a. The kidneys are retroperitoneal and covered by three layers of connective tissue.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

b. Internally, the kidneys consist of an outer renal medulla, a middle renal pelvis, and an inner renal cortex.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

c. The first capillary bed of the kidneys is the peritubular capillaries, which are fed by the afferent arteriole and drained by the efferent arteriole.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

d. Filtrate flows from the renal corpuscle to the distal tubule, the nephron loop, the proximal tubule, and into the collecting system.

Cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons differ in the:

a. Lengths of their nephron loops

b. Structure of the capillaries surrounding them

c. Structure of their renal corpuscles

d. Both a and b are correct

e. Both b and c are correct

Describe the structure of the filtration membrane.

Which of the following substances would pass through the filtration membrane to become part of the filtrate under normal circumstances? (Circle all that apply.)

a. Sodium ions

b. Albumin

c. Glucose

d. Erythrocytes

e. Leukocytes

f. Amino acids

g. Urea

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

a. Sodium ions and glucose are cotransported into the proximal tubule cell by secondary active transport.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

b. The distal tubule reabsorbs sodium ions and secretes potassium and hydrogen ions in response to ADH.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

c. Sodium ion reabsorption creates a gradient that helps drive the reabsorption of water and many other solutes from the proximal tubule.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

d. ADH triggers water reabsorption from the nephron loop.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

e. Obligatory water reabsorption occurs in the distal tubule and collecting system.

Fill in the blanks for the following statements:

a. When the GFR decreases, the macula densa releases chemicals to______ the afferent arteriole.

b. The sympathetic nervous system______ the blood vessels supplying the kidney _____ to the glomerular filtration rate.

c. The enzyme _____ is released by JG cells in response to a decrease in the GFR.

d. The enzyme ______ converts angiotensin-I to angiotensin-II.

e. Generally, angiotensin-II______ systemic blood pressure while _____ the GFR.

Which of the following is false about the GFR?

a. The GFR averages about 120 ml/min

b. The GFR increases when the afferent arteriole dilates

c. The GFR decreases when the efferent arteriole constricts

d. The GFR decreases when the afferent arteriole constricts