Ch. 22 - Applications of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Klug - Concepts of Genetics 12th Edition

Klug12th EditionConcepts of Genetics ISBN: 9780135564776Not the one you use?Change textbook

Klug 12th Edition

Ch. 22 - Applications of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Problem 5

Chapter 22, Problem 5

Sequencing the human genome, the development of microarray technology, and personal genomics promise to improve our understanding of normal and abnormal cell behavior. How are these approaches dramatically changing our understanding and treatment of complex diseases such as cancer?

Verified step by step guidance

Understand that sequencing the human genome provides a complete map of all the genes in humans, allowing researchers to identify genetic variations associated with complex diseases like cancer.

Recognize that microarray technology enables the analysis of gene expression patterns across thousands of genes simultaneously, helping to identify which genes are active or inactive in cancer cells compared to normal cells.

Appreciate that personal genomics involves analyzing an individual's unique genetic makeup, which can reveal predispositions to certain types of cancer and guide personalized treatment strategies.

Consider how these technologies together allow for the identification of biomarkers for early detection, prognosis, and targeted therapies, improving the precision of cancer treatment.

Reflect on how these advancements shift the focus from a one-size-fits-all approach to a more personalized medicine approach, tailoring treatments to the genetic profile of the individual and the specific characteristics of their cancer.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Human Genome Sequencing

Human genome sequencing involves determining the complete DNA sequence of an individual's genome. This technology allows researchers to identify genetic variations that may contribute to diseases, including cancer. By understanding the genetic basis of these diseases, targeted therapies can be developed, leading to more personalized and effective treatment options.

Microarray Technology

Microarray technology enables the simultaneous analysis of thousands of genes to assess their expression levels. This technique helps in identifying gene expression patterns associated with complex diseases like cancer. By comparing the expression profiles of healthy and diseased tissues, researchers can uncover biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, as well as potential therapeutic targets.

Personal Genomics

Personal genomics refers to the analysis of an individual's genetic information to provide insights into their health risks and traits. This approach allows for the customization of medical treatments based on a person's unique genetic makeup. In the context of complex diseases, personal genomics can inform preventive strategies and tailor interventions, enhancing the effectiveness of treatments for conditions such as cancer.

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Textbook Question

Why are most recombinant human proteins produced in animal or plant hosts instead of bacterial host cells?

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Textbook Question

One of the major causes of sickness, death, and economic loss in the cattle industry is Mannheimia haemolytica, which causes bovine pasteurellosis, or shipping fever. Noninvasive delivery of a vaccine using transgenic plants expressing immunogens would reduce labor costs and trauma to livestock. An early step toward developing an edible vaccine is to determine whether an injected version of an antigen (usually a derivative of the pathogen) is capable of stimulating the development of antibodies in a test organism. The following table assesses the ability of a transgenic portion of a toxin (Lkt) of M. haemolytica to stimulate development of specific antibodies in rabbits.

What general conclusion can you draw from the data?

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Textbook Question

One of the major causes of sickness, death, and economic loss in the cattle industry is Mannheimia haemolytica, which causes bovine pasteurellosis, or shipping fever. Noninvasive delivery of a vaccine using transgenic plants expressing immunogens would reduce labor costs and trauma to livestock. An early step toward developing an edible vaccine is to determine whether an injected version of an antigen (usually a derivative of the pathogen) is capable of stimulating the development of antibodies in a test organism. The following table assesses the ability of a transgenic portion of a toxin (Lkt) of M. haemolytica to stimulate development of specific antibodies in rabbits.

With regards to development of a usable edible vaccine, what work remains to be done?

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Textbook Question

A couple with European ancestry seeks genetic counseling before having children because of a history of cystic fibrosis (CF) in the husband's family. ASO testing for CF reveals that the husband is heterozygous for the Δ508 mutation and that the wife is heterozygous for the R117 mutation. You are the couple's genetic counselor. When consulting with you, they express their conviction that they are not at risk for having an affected child because they each carry different mutations and cannot have a child who is homozygous for either mutation. What would you say to them?

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Textbook Question

As genetic testing becomes widespread, medical records will contain the results of such testing. Who should have access to this information? Should employers, potential employers, or insurance companies be allowed to have this information? Would you favor or oppose having the government establish and maintain a central database containing the results of individuals' genome scans?

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Textbook Question

Might it make sense someday to sequence every newborn's genome at the time of birth? What are the potential advantages and concerns of this approach?

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