Ch. 20 - Population Genetics and Evolution at the Population, Species, and Molecular Levels

Sanders - Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach 3rd Edition

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Sanders 3rd Edition

Ch. 20 - Population Genetics and Evolution at the Population, Species, and Molecular Levels

Problem 1a

Chapter 20, Problem 1a

Compare and contrast the terms in each of the following pairs:
Population and gene pool

Verified step by step guidance

Define 'population': A population in genetics refers to a group of individuals of the same species that live in a specific geographic area and are capable of interbreeding. This group shares a common set of genes and alleles.

Define 'gene pool': A gene pool encompasses all the genetic information (all alleles of all genes) present in a population. It represents the total diversity of genetic material available for inheritance within that population.

Explain the relationship: The population is the physical group of organisms, while the gene pool is the abstract collection of genetic material within that group. The gene pool is essentially the genetic 'inventory' of the population.

Highlight differences: A population is defined by its members and their ability to interbreed, whereas the gene pool is defined by the variety and frequency of alleles present in the population. The gene pool is a conceptual representation of genetic diversity.

Summarize the comparison: While the population is the biological unit, the gene pool is the genetic unit. Changes in the gene pool (e.g., through mutation, selection, or genetic drift) can lead to evolutionary changes in the population over time.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Population

A population refers to a group of individuals of the same species that live in a specific geographic area and interbreed. Populations are characterized by their size, density, distribution, and demographic structure. Understanding populations is crucial for studying evolutionary processes, as they are the units of natural selection and genetic drift.

Gene Pool

The gene pool encompasses all the genetic information and alleles present in a population at a given time. It represents the total genetic diversity available for inheritance and is essential for understanding the potential for evolution within that population. Changes in the gene pool can occur through mechanisms such as mutation, migration, and selection.

Comparison of Population and Gene Pool

While a population refers to the actual individuals and their interactions within a specific area, the gene pool is a more abstract concept that focuses on the genetic variation within that population. The two are interconnected, as the genetic makeup of a population influences its gene pool, and changes in the gene pool can affect the population's evolutionary trajectory.

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Textbook Question

The mtDNA sequence of Neanderthals is more similar to that of modern humans than to that of Denisovans. However, analyses of nuclear DNA clearly indicate that Neandertals and Denisovans share a more recent common ancestor than either of these hominins shares with modern humans. Propose a hypothesis to resolve the discrepancy between the mtDNA and the nuclear genome.

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Textbook Question

A 9-bp deletion in the mitochondrial genome between the gene for cytochrome oxidase subunit II and the gene for tRNAᴸʸˢ is a common polymorphism among Polynesians and also in a population of Taiwanese natives. The frequency of the polymorphism varies between populations: The highest frequency is seen in the Maoris of New Zealand (98%), lower levels are seen in eastern Polynesia (80%) and western Polynesia (89%), and the lowest level is seen in the Taiwanese population. What do these frequencies tell us about the settlement of the Pacific by the ancestors of the present-day Polynesians?

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Textbook Question

If you were to compare your genome sequence with that of your parents, how would it differ? If you were to compare your genome sequence with another student's in the class, how would it differ? What additional difference might you see if your genome was compared with that of a sub-Saharan African, or if you are of sub-Saharan African descent, with that of a non-African?

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Textbook Question

Compare and contrast the terms in each of the following pairs:

Random mating and Inbreeding

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Textbook Question

Compare and contrast the terms in each of the following pairs:

Natural selection and Genetic drift

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