Draw structures to correspond with the following common and systematic names:
(h) γ-hydroxyvaleronitrile

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the name 'γ-hydroxyvaleronitrile': The name indicates that the compound is a nitrile (contains a -C≡N group) and has a hydroxy (-OH) group attached to the γ-carbon of a valeric acid derivative. Valeric acid is a five-carbon chain carboxylic acid, so the parent chain here will also have five carbons.
2. Identify the γ-carbon: In organic nomenclature, the α-carbon is the first carbon attached to the functional group (in this case, the nitrile group), the β-carbon is the second, and the γ-carbon is the third carbon away from the nitrile group.
3. Place the functional groups: Attach the nitrile group (-C≡N) to the first carbon of the chain. Then, place the hydroxy group (-OH) on the γ-carbon (the third carbon in the chain).
4. Complete the structure: Add hydrogens to the remaining carbons to satisfy the valency of carbon (four bonds per carbon atom). Ensure the structure is consistent with the molecular formula.
5. Verify the structure: Double-check that the structure matches the name 'γ-hydroxyvaleronitrile' by confirming the placement of the nitrile group, the hydroxy group, and the five-carbon chain.

Key Concepts

Functional Groups

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. In the case of γ-hydroxyvaleronitrile, the hydroxyl (-OH) group is a functional group that indicates the presence of alcohol, while the nitrile (-C≡N) group signifies the presence of a cyano group. Understanding these functional groups is essential for drawing the correct structure.

Nomenclature in Organic Chemistry

Nomenclature refers to the systematic naming of chemical compounds based on established rules. The name γ-hydroxyvaleronitrile indicates the structure's components: 'valeronitrile' suggests a five-carbon chain with a nitrile group, while 'γ-hydroxy' specifies that the hydroxyl group is attached to the gamma carbon (the fourth carbon in the chain). Familiarity with IUPAC nomenclature is crucial for accurately interpreting and constructing molecular structures.

Structural Representation of Molecules

Structural representation involves depicting the arrangement of atoms within a molecule, including bonds and functional groups. For γ-hydroxyvaleronitrile, one must illustrate the carbon backbone, the hydroxyl group, and the nitrile group correctly. Understanding how to represent these elements visually is vital for conveying the molecule's identity and properties effectively.