Give IUPAC names for the following compounds.

Verified step by step guidance

1. Identify the longest carbon chain in each compound, as this will form the base name of the compound. Count the number of carbon atoms in this chain to determine the root name (e.g., methane, ethane, propane, etc.).
2. Number the carbon atoms in the longest chain starting from the end nearest to the first substituent encountered. This ensures that the substituents receive the lowest possible numbers.
3. Identify and name all substituents attached to the main carbon chain. Common substituents include alkyl groups like methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc., and halogens like chloro, bromo, iodo, etc.
4. Assign a number to each substituent based on its position on the main chain. If there are multiple identical substituents, use prefixes such as di-, tri-, tetra-, etc., to indicate their quantity.
5. Combine the elements of the name into a single IUPAC name: start with the substituents in alphabetical order, followed by the base name of the compound. Ensure that the substituents are prefixed with their respective numbers, separated by hyphens, and commas are used to separate numbers.

Key Concepts

IUPAC Nomenclature

IUPAC nomenclature is a systematic method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. It provides a standardized way to name compounds based on their structure, ensuring that each compound has a unique and universally accepted name. The process involves identifying the longest carbon chain, numbering the chain, and naming substituents.

Functional Groups

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. In IUPAC naming, identifying the functional group is crucial as it often determines the suffix or prefix of the compound's name. Common functional groups include alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids, each with specific naming rules.

Substituents and Locants

Substituents are atoms or groups of atoms that replace hydrogen atoms on the parent chain of a hydrocarbon. In IUPAC nomenclature, substituents are named and numbered (locants) to indicate their position on the main carbon chain. The locants are chosen to give the lowest possible numbers to the substituents, ensuring clarity and consistency in the compound's name.