Predict the effects of each of the following on systemic arterial blood pressure:
The practice of 'blood doping,' which increases the number of red blood cells in the blood

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of systemic arterial blood pressure: It is the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of arteries during circulation. It is influenced by factors such as blood volume, vascular resistance, and cardiac output.
2. Recognize the role of red blood cells in blood viscosity: Red blood cells contribute to the thickness (viscosity) of blood. An increase in red blood cell count, as seen in 'blood doping,' leads to higher blood viscosity.
3. Analyze the relationship between blood viscosity and vascular resistance: Increased blood viscosity causes greater resistance to blood flow within the vessels. This resistance can elevate systemic arterial blood pressure.
4. Consider the impact on oxygen delivery and cardiac workload: While more red blood cells improve oxygen delivery to tissues, the heart must work harder to pump the thicker blood, potentially increasing blood pressure further.
5. Summarize the overall effect: The practice of 'blood doping' is likely to increase systemic arterial blood pressure due to the combined effects of increased blood viscosity and vascular resistance, along with the added strain on the heart.

Key Concepts

Blood Doping

Blood doping refers to the practice of increasing the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream, typically through transfusions or the use of erythropoietin (EPO). This increase enhances the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity, which can improve athletic performance. However, it also raises the risk of cardiovascular complications due to increased blood viscosity.

Systemic Arterial Blood Pressure

Systemic arterial blood pressure is the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels, particularly arteries. It is influenced by cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. An increase in red blood cell mass from blood doping can elevate blood pressure by increasing blood volume and viscosity, leading to greater resistance in the circulatory system.

Cardiac Output

Cardiac output is the volume of blood the heart pumps per minute, calculated as the product of heart rate and stroke volume. It plays a crucial role in determining blood pressure. When blood doping increases the number of red blood cells, it can lead to higher blood volume, which may increase cardiac output and subsequently raise systemic arterial blood pressure.