The melting point of sodium metal is 97.8 °C, and the melting point of sodium chloride is 801 °C. What can you infer about the relative strength of metallic and ionic bonding from these melting points?

Verified step by step guidance

1. Identify the type of bonding in each compound: Sodium metal is held together by metallic bonds, while sodium chloride is held together by ionic bonds.
2. Understand the concept of melting point: The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which it changes from solid to liquid. This temperature reflects the strength of the bonds holding the atoms or ions together in the solid state.
3. Compare the melting points: Sodium metal has a melting point of 97.8 °C, and sodium chloride has a melting point of 801 °C.
4. Infer the bond strength: Since sodium chloride has a much higher melting point than sodium metal, it suggests that the ionic bonds in sodium chloride are stronger than the metallic bonds in sodium metal.
5. Conclude the general relationship: Generally, substances with ionic bonding tend to have higher melting points compared to those with metallic bonding, indicating stronger intermolecular forces in ionic compounds.

Key Concepts

Metallic Bonding

Metallic bonding occurs in metals, where positively charged metal ions are surrounded by a 'sea' of delocalized electrons. This arrangement allows metals to conduct electricity and heat, and gives them malleability and ductility. The relatively low melting point of sodium metal (97.8 °C) indicates that the metallic bonds in sodium are weaker compared to ionic bonds.

Ionic Bonding

Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positively charged cations and negatively charged anions, typically formed when metals transfer electrons to nonmetals. This type of bond results in the formation of a crystalline lattice structure, which is responsible for the high melting points of ionic compounds. Sodium chloride's high melting point (801 °C) reflects the strong ionic bonds that hold the lattice together.

Melting Point as a Measure of Bond Strength

The melting point of a substance is a key indicator of the strength of the bonds holding its particles together. Generally, higher melting points suggest stronger intermolecular or interionic forces. In this case, the significant difference in melting points between sodium and sodium chloride suggests that ionic bonds are much stronger than metallic bonds, as evidenced by the much higher energy required to break the ionic bonds in sodium chloride.