Describe galvanic cells that use the following reactions. In each case, write the anode and cathode half-reactions and sketch the experimental setup. Label the anode and cathode, identify the sign of each electrode, and indicate the direction of electron and ion flow. (b)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Identify the overall chemical reaction for the galvanic cell. This will help you determine the half-reactions that occur at the anode and cathode.
2. Write the oxidation half-reaction. This occurs at the anode, where electrons are lost. Identify the species being oxidized and write the half-reaction equation.
3. Write the reduction half-reaction. This occurs at the cathode, where electrons are gained. Identify the species being reduced and write the half-reaction equation.
4. Sketch the galvanic cell setup. Label the anode and cathode, and indicate the direction of electron flow from the anode to the cathode through the external circuit.
5. Label the salt bridge and indicate the direction of ion flow. Cations move towards the cathode, and anions move towards the anode to maintain charge balance.

Key Concepts

Galvanic Cells

Galvanic cells, also known as voltaic cells, are electrochemical cells that convert chemical energy into electrical energy through spontaneous redox reactions. They consist of two half-cells, each containing an electrode immersed in an electrolyte. The anode is where oxidation occurs, releasing electrons, while the cathode is where reduction takes place, accepting electrons. This flow of electrons generates an electric current, which can be harnessed for external work.

Half-Reactions

Half-reactions are the individual oxidation and reduction processes that occur in an electrochemical cell. Each half-reaction shows the transfer of electrons and the change in oxidation states of the reactants. In a galvanic cell, the anode half-reaction involves the loss of electrons (oxidation), while the cathode half-reaction involves the gain of electrons (reduction). Understanding these half-reactions is crucial for determining the overall cell reaction and the flow of electrons.

Electrode Sign and Ion Flow

In a galvanic cell, the anode is designated as negative and the cathode as positive due to the flow of electrons from the anode to the cathode. This flow of electrons is accompanied by the movement of ions in the electrolyte; cations migrate towards the cathode, while anions move towards the anode. This charge separation is essential for maintaining electrical neutrality in the cell and is a key factor in the operation of galvanic cells.