Convert the following models into a condensed structures and line drawings.
(a)

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Identify the central atom in the molecular model, which is typically represented by a differently colored or larger sphere.

Determine the types and numbers of atoms attached to the central atom. These are usually represented by smaller spheres connected to the central atom by sticks or lines.

For the condensed structure, write the chemical symbol of the central atom followed by the chemical symbols of the attached atoms. Use subscripts to indicate the number of each type of atom if there is more than one.

For the line drawing, represent the central atom by a vertex (a point). Draw lines (bonds) from this vertex to other vertices representing the attached atoms. Double or triple lines represent double or triple bonds, respectively.

Check the molecular geometry to ensure that the line drawing reflects the correct shape (e.g., linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral) based on the number of atoms and electron pairs surrounding the central atom.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Condensed Structures

Condensed structures are a simplified way of representing molecular structures where atoms are grouped together to show connectivity without depicting every bond explicitly. In these structures, carbon and hydrogen atoms are often implied rather than shown, making it easier to visualize larger molecules. For example, the condensed structure of butane is written as CH3(CH2)2CH3, indicating the arrangement of carbon and hydrogen atoms without drawing each bond.

Line Drawings (Skeletal Structures)

Line drawings, or skeletal structures, are a graphical representation of organic molecules where carbon atoms are represented by the ends and intersections of lines, while hydrogen atoms are usually omitted for clarity. Each vertex represents a carbon atom, and the lines represent bonds between them. This method allows chemists to quickly convey complex structures in a clear and concise manner, focusing on functional groups and overall molecular shape.

Functional Groups

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. They determine the properties and reactivity of organic compounds. Common functional groups include hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), and amino (-NH2) groups, which can be easily identified in both condensed structures and line drawings, aiding in the understanding of a molecule's behavior in chemical reactions.