The biological definition of 'race' corresponds to all of the following except:
a. The genealogical species concept
b. The idea that subgroups within the same species can be distinguished from each other by ancestry
c. There is a natural hierarchy of groups within a species from 'lowest' to 'highest' forms
d. It should be possible to identify races on the basis of shared allele frequencies among populations
e. Races within a species are not reproductively isolated from each other.

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Begin by understanding the biological definition of 'race.' In biology, 'race' often refers to subpopulations within a species that share certain genetic traits or allele frequencies due to common ancestry. These groups are not reproductively isolated and can interbreed freely.
2. Step 2: Analyze each option provided in the question. For example, the genealogical species concept (option a) refers to defining species based on shared ancestry, which aligns with the idea of subgroups within a species.
3. Step 3: Consider the idea of shared allele frequencies (option d). This is a key concept in population genetics and is consistent with the biological understanding of race, as allele frequencies can vary among populations.
4. Step 4: Evaluate the concept of a natural hierarchy (option c). This idea is not supported by modern biology, as there is no scientific basis for ranking groups within a species as 'higher' or 'lower.' This concept is more aligned with outdated and non-scientific views.
5. Step 5: Confirm that races within a species are not reproductively isolated (option e). This is consistent with the biological definition, as subgroups within a species can interbreed. Based on this analysis, identify the option that does not align with the biological definition of 'race.'

Key Concepts

Genealogical Species Concept

The genealogical species concept defines a species based on the evolutionary history and lineage of organisms. It emphasizes the importance of ancestry and genetic relationships, suggesting that species are groups of organisms that share a common ancestor. This concept is crucial for understanding how races or subgroups within a species can be identified based on their genealogical ties.

Reproductive Isolation

Reproductive isolation refers to mechanisms that prevent different species or populations from interbreeding, thus maintaining distinct species. In the context of races within a species, it implies that while races may exhibit genetic differences, they are not completely isolated from one another in terms of reproduction. This concept is essential for understanding the dynamics of gene flow and genetic diversity within populations.

Allele Frequencies

Allele frequencies represent how common a particular allele is within a population. They are used to study genetic variation and can help identify subgroups or races based on shared genetic traits. Understanding allele frequencies is vital for analyzing population genetics and determining how different populations may be distinguished from one another based on their genetic makeup.