Textbook Question
During translation, what molecule bears the codon? the anticodon?
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Ch. 14 - Translation and Proteins
Klug12th EditionConcepts of Genetics ISBN: 9780135564776
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 - Introduction to Genetics17
- Ch. 2 - Mitosis and Meiosis36
- Ch. 3 - Mendelian Genetics51
- Ch. 4 - Extensions of Mendelian Genetics74
- Ch. 5 - Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes51
- Ch. 6 - Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages46
- Ch. 7 - Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes33
- Ch. 8 - Chromosome Mutations: Variation in Number and Arrangement40
- Ch. 9 - Extranuclear Inheritance31
- Ch. 10 - DNA Structure and Analysis43
- Ch. 11 - DNA Replication and Recombination44
- Ch. 12 - DNA Organization in Chromosomes30
- Ch. 13 - The Genetic Code and Transcription54
- Ch. 14 - Translation and Proteins47
- Ch. 15 - Gene Mutation, DNA Repair, and Transposition41
- Ch. 16 - Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria29
- Ch. 17 - Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes41
- Ch. 18 - Post-transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes33
- Ch. 19 - Epigenetics33
- Ch. 20 - Recombinant DNA Technology44
- Ch. 21 - Genomic Analysis36
- Ch. 22 - Applications of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology36
- Ch. 23 - Developmental Genetics37
- Ch. 24 - Cancer Genetics34
- Ch. 25 - Quantitative Genetics and Multifactorial Traits54
- Ch. 26 - Population and Evolutionary Genetics45
Chapter 14, Problem 8
Summarize the steps involved in charging tRNAs with their appropriate amino acids.
Verified step by step guidance1
Identify the specific amino acid and its corresponding tRNA molecule, which has an anticodon complementary to the mRNA codon for that amino acid.
Recognize that the enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase catalyzes the attachment of the amino acid to its correct tRNA; each amino acid has its own specific synthetase.
Understand that the charging process begins with the activation of the amino acid by reacting it with ATP, forming an aminoacyl-AMP intermediate and releasing pyrophosphate (PPi). This can be represented as: \[\text{Amino acid} + \text{ATP} \rightarrow \text{Aminoacyl-AMP} + \text{PPi}\]
Next, the activated amino acid is transferred from aminoacyl-AMP to the 3' end of the tRNA, forming aminoacyl-tRNA and releasing AMP: \[\text{Aminoacyl-AMP} + \text{tRNA} \rightarrow \text{Aminoacyl-tRNA} + \text{AMP}\]
Finally, the charged tRNA (aminoacyl-tRNA) is released from the synthetase enzyme and is now ready to deliver its amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Role of tRNA in Protein Synthesis
Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules serve as adaptors that translate the genetic code from mRNA into amino acids during protein synthesis. Each tRNA carries a specific amino acid and has an anticodon that pairs with the corresponding codon on the mRNA, ensuring correct amino acid incorporation.
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Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Enzymes
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are enzymes that catalyze the attachment of amino acids to their corresponding tRNAs. Each enzyme is specific to one amino acid and its compatible tRNAs, ensuring high fidelity in matching amino acids to the correct tRNA molecules.
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Two-step Charging Process of tRNA
Charging tRNA involves a two-step reaction: first, the amino acid is activated by ATP to form aminoacyl-AMP; second, the activated amino acid is transferred to the 3' end of the tRNA. This process forms aminoacyl-tRNA, which is then ready to participate in translation.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
The α chain of eukaryotic hemoglobin is composed of 141 amino acids. What is the minimum number of nucleotides in an mRNA coding for this polypeptide chain?
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Textbook Question
Assuming that each nucleotide in an mRNA is 0.34 nm long, how many triplet codes can simultaneously occupy the space in a ribosome that is 20 nm in diameter?
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Textbook Question
To carry out its role, each transfer RNA requires at least four specific recognition sites that must be inherent in its tertiary structure. What are they?
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Textbook Question
What are isoaccepting tRNAs? Assuming that there are only 20 different aminoacyl tRNA synthetases but 31 different tRNAs, speculate on parameters that might be used to ensure that each charged tRNA has received the correct amino acid.
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Textbook Question
When a codon in an mRNA with the sequence 5'-UAA-3' enters the A site of a ribosome, it is not recognized by a tRNA with a complementary anticodon. Why not? What recognizes it instead?
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