Indicate the true statements and correct the false statements so they are true.

a. B cells are activated by antigen-presenting cells

b. T cytotoxic cells are activated by antigens bound to MHC I

c. Upon activation, T helper cells stimulate T cytotoxic cells and B cells

d. IgG is the first antibody made during a primary response

e. T-dependent antigens rely on TH cells to activate B cells

In which of the following scenarios would administering immunoglobulins be useful? Select all that apply. (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. To neutralize a toxin

b. To aid a patient who is immune compromised

c. After venom exposure

d. To block IgM from crossing the placenta

e. To protect a premature infant from respiratory syncytial virus

In which of the following scenarios would administering immunoglobulins be useful? Select all that apply.

a. To neutralize a toxin

b. To aid a patient who is immune compromised

c. After venom exposure

d. To block IgM from crossing the placenta

e. To protect a premature infant from respiratory syncytial virus

Complete the table to indicate which MHCs are present for each cell.

Why are packed red blood cells not tissue typed? Select all that apply.

a. Red blood cells lack MHC II

b. Red blood cells lack MHC I

c. Red blood cells can’t stimulate an immune response

d. Red blood cells aren’t transferred to others

e. Red blood cells don’t make antibodies and therefore do not need to be typed

Which of the following does not generate long-term immunological memory? Select all that apply.

a. Antivenom

b. Antitoxins

c. Vaccinations

d. Breast-feeding

e. Antigens

T helper cells activate B cells to become ________________, which make ________________.

Compare and contrast T-dependent and T-independent antigens.

Choose the false statement about T cytotoxic cells.

a. They stimulate B cells

b. They destroy virus-infected cells

c. They destroy cancer cells

d. They are activated by MHC I bound to antigens on APCs

e. They mediate the cellular branch of adaptive immunity

Where do T cells undergo self-tolerance selection?

Which of the following is not a function of antibodies?

a. Opsonization

b. Activating complement proteins

c. Activating T helper cells

d. Enhancing phagocytosis

e. Antigen neutralization

The distinct feature of an antigen that stimulates an adaptive immune response is called a(n) ________________.

Which type of hypersensitivity is not antibody mediated?

a. Type I hypersensitivities

b. Type II hypersensitivities

c. Type III hypersensitivities

d. Type IV hypersensitivities

e. Antibodies mediate all of these.

Which of the following is (are) true regarding type III hypersensitivity reactions? Select all that apply. (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. They involve IgG.

b. They involve IgM.

c. They are considered delayed reactions.

d. They include autoimmune disorders like multiple sclerosis.

e. They are rare compared with type I reactions.

Which of the following is the most likely to lead to graft-versushost disease? (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. An allogeneic bone marrow transplant

b. An allogeneic liver transplant

c. A xenogeneic heart valve transplant

d. An isogenic bone marrow transplant

e. A xenogeneic skin graft

A patient has developed a type III reaction to a drug. Which of the following is the most immediate action required? (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. Lower the patient’s fever.

b. Stop administration of the drug.

c. Treat the patient’s skin rash to avoid possible infections.

d. Hook the patient up to an IV for rehydration therapy.

e. Administer antihistamines to limit the response

Indicate the true statements, and then reword the false statements so they are true.

a. Immunodeficiencies are associated with a decreased cancer risk.

b. Type I reactions are mediated by IgG antibodies.

c. Autoimmune disorders are not caused by type I hypersensitivities.

d. Systemic lupus is mainly mediated by a type III hypersensitivity.

e. A person with type 0- blood is called a universal donor.

f. Immunotherapies are useful to reduce type II reactions.

Which of the following would be recommended as a means to diagnose a type I sensitivity? Select all that apply. (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. Skin prick test

b. IgG titers

c. IgM titers

d. IgE titers

e. Histamine levels

Which of the following is the most suggestive of an anaphylactic reaction? (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. Sudden fever

b. A localized rash

c. Nasal congestion

d. Hemorrhage

e. Respiratory distress

Which patient would be the most likely to benefit from

desensitization immunotherapy? (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. A person suffering from serum sickness

b. A person at risk for HDN during pregnancy

c. A person with an allergy to pollen

d. A transplant patient

e. An asthmatic patient

List the applicable hypersensitivities (type I, II, III, IV) as they relate to the description. Note, more than one type of hypersensitivity may be listed for a given description.

IgG antibodies can mediate type _________________hypersensitivities.

T cells mediate type _________________ hypersensitivities.

Type _________________ hypersensitivities may be generated in response to pharmaceutical drugs.

Type _________________ hypersensitivities may be associated with autoimmunity.

Type _________________ hypersensitivities require a sensitizing exposure.

IgE antibodies can mediate type _________________hypersensitivities.

Match the cell to its stated feature. Some features will be assigned more than once.

Match the pathogen part to the inactivated vaccine: <IMAGE>

Select the true statements about mRNA vaccines. Select all that apply. (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. These vaccines contain a type of nucleic acid.

b. These vaccines can alter cellular DNA.

c. These vaccines often require a booster dose.

d. These vaccines do not require adjuvants.

e. These vaccines require an engineered virus to deliver the mRNA to a target cell.

Place the following steps in order for a neutralization test:

a. Incubate cell culture for a few days.

b. Add suspected infecting virus to the patient's serum.

c. Inspect cell culture for viral infection.

d. Extract serum from patient.

e. Mix patient serum with virus and add the mixture to a cell culture.

Describe one difference between a direct ELISA and an indirect ELISA.

If parents in the United States decline or delay vaccinations for their children because they fear the refuted claim of a link between vaccinations and autism, which of the following is a possible result? (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. A decrease in diagnosis of autism with a decrease of vaccinations

b. An increase in diagnosis of autism with an increase of vaccinations

c. An increase in the administration of subunit vaccines

d. A decrease in herd immunity

e. An increase in public demand for inactivated vaccines

How does an antibody neutralize a virus?

a. By preventing the virus from binding to a receptor protein on a host cell

b. By preventing the virus from injecting its nucleic acid into its host cell

c. By degrading the capsid

d. By inserting holes into the viral envelope

e. By preventing the virus from replicating while inside the host

A direct ELISA test is utilized as a pregnancy test because it tests for:

(NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. antibodies to the fetus in urine.

b. antibodies to a pregnancy hormone in urine.

c. an antigen that recognizes a pregnancy hormone in urine.

d. T cells that recognize a pregnancy hormone in urine.

e. the presence of a pregnancy hormone in urine.

What was the purpose of the practice of variolation?