Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based?
a. There is heritable variation among individuals.
b. Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.
c. Species produce more offspring than the environment can support.
d. Only a fraction of an individual's offspring may survive.

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of natural selection: Natural selection is a process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. This concept is based on observations and inferences about variation, competition, and survival.
2. Review the principle of heritable variation: Natural selection relies on the presence of heritable variation among individuals in a population. This means that traits can be passed from parents to offspring, allowing for evolutionary change over generations.
3. Consider the role of overproduction: Many species produce more offspring than the environment can support. This leads to competition for resources, as not all offspring can survive to adulthood.
4. Evaluate the survival of offspring: In natural selection, only a fraction of an individual's offspring may survive to reproduce. This is due to limited resources and environmental pressures, which select for individuals with advantageous traits.
5. Analyze the statement about poorly adapted individuals: Natural selection does not imply that poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring. Instead, it suggests that they are less likely to survive and reproduce compared to well-adapted individuals. This statement is not a foundational observation or inference of natural selection.

Key Concepts

Heritable Variation

Heritable variation refers to the genetic differences among individuals within a population that can be passed from one generation to the next. This variation is crucial for natural selection, as it provides the raw material for evolutionary change. Without genetic diversity, populations cannot adapt to changing environments, making them vulnerable to extinction.

Overproduction of Offspring

Overproduction of offspring is a concept where species tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support. This leads to competition for limited resources, such as food and shelter. The excess offspring create a struggle for survival, where only the fittest individuals are likely to survive and reproduce, driving the process of natural selection.

Survival of the Fittest

Survival of the fittest is a principle of natural selection where individuals with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. This concept does not imply that poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring, but rather that they are less likely to pass on their genes compared to well-adapted individuals. Over time, this leads to the prevalence of advantageous traits in the population.