Draw the Fischer projection for each of the following wedge–dash structures:
a.

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the Fischer projection: A Fischer projection is a two-dimensional representation of a molecule where the carbon chain is drawn vertically, and horizontal lines represent bonds projecting out of the plane (toward the viewer), while vertical lines represent bonds projecting behind the plane (away from the viewer).
2. Identify the chiral carbon centers in the wedge–dash structure. Chiral carbons are carbon atoms bonded to four different groups. These will be the focus of the Fischer projection.
3. Orient the molecule so that the longest carbon chain is vertical, with the most oxidized carbon (e.g., a carbonyl group or the carbon attached to the most electronegative atom) at the top. This is the standard orientation for Fischer projections.
4. Convert the wedge–dash notation to the Fischer projection: Bonds shown as wedges (projecting out of the plane) should be drawn as horizontal lines in the Fischer projection, while bonds shown as dashes (projecting behind the plane) should be drawn as vertical lines.
5. Double-check the stereochemistry: Ensure that the relative positions of the substituents around each chiral carbon in the Fischer projection match the original wedge–dash structure. This ensures the correct 3D arrangement is preserved in the 2D representation.

Key Concepts

Fischer Projection

The Fischer projection is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional organic molecule, particularly useful for depicting carbohydrates and amino acids. In this format, vertical lines represent bonds that extend behind the plane of the paper, while horizontal lines represent bonds that extend in front. This method simplifies the visualization of stereochemistry, allowing for easy identification of chiral centers and their configurations.

Wedge-Dash Notation

Wedge-dash notation is a way to represent the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule. In this notation, solid wedges indicate bonds that project out of the plane of the paper towards the viewer, while dashed lines represent bonds that extend behind the plane. This visual tool helps chemists understand the spatial orientation of substituents around chiral centers, which is crucial for determining the molecule's stereochemistry.

Stereochemistry

Stereochemistry is the study of the spatial arrangement of atoms in molecules and how this arrangement affects their chemical properties and reactions. It is particularly important in organic chemistry, where the orientation of functional groups can influence a compound's reactivity and interactions. Understanding stereochemistry is essential for accurately converting between different representations of molecules, such as wedge-dash structures and Fischer projections.