According to Durkheim, deviance is the violation of (the) __________?

• A. Law.
• B. Morals.
• C. Rituals.
• D. Collective consciousness.

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand that Émile Durkheim, a foundational sociologist, defined deviance in relation to the norms and values shared by a society.
2. Recall that Durkheim introduced the concept of 'collective consciousness,' which refers to the set of shared beliefs, ideas, and moral attitudes that operate as a unifying force within society.
3. Recognize that deviance, according to Durkheim, is the violation of this collective consciousness, meaning it goes against the shared norms and values that hold society together.
4. Note that while laws, morals, and rituals are components of social norms, Durkheim's broader term 'collective consciousness' encompasses all these elements as the foundation of social order.
5. Therefore, the correct understanding is that deviance is the violation of the collective consciousness, not just laws, morals, or rituals individually.