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Ch. 21 - Genomes and Their Evolution
Campbell - Campbell Biology 11th Edition
Urry11th EditionCampbell BiologyISBN: 9789357423311Not the one you use?Change textbook
All textbooksUrry 11th EditionCh. 21 - Genomes and Their EvolutionProblem 4c
Chapter 21, Problem 4c

Use a highlighter to color any amino acid that varies among the species. (Color that amino acid in all sequences.)
b. The H sequence differs from that of the C, G, R species at two amino acids. Underline the two differences in the H sequence.

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Identify the amino acid sequences for each species: Human, Mouse, Chimpanzee, Frog, and Fish.
Compare the amino acid sequences across all species to find any variations. Highlight any amino acid that differs among the species.
Focus on the Human (H) sequence and compare it with the sequences of Chimpanzee (C), Mouse (M), and Frog (R) to identify differences.
Underline the two amino acids in the Human sequence that differ from the Chimpanzee, Mouse, and Frog sequences.
Ensure that the highlighted and underlined amino acids are consistent across all sequences for clarity and accuracy.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Amino Acid Sequence

An amino acid sequence is the order of amino acids in a protein, which determines the protein's structure and function. In the context of the question, comparing sequences across species helps identify evolutionary relationships and functional differences. Each letter in the sequence represents a different amino acid, and variations can indicate evolutionary divergence or adaptation.
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Amino Acids

Sequence Alignment

Sequence alignment is a method used to arrange sequences of DNA, RNA, or protein to identify regions of similarity. These similarities can be due to functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships. In this task, aligning the sequences of different species allows for the identification of conserved and variable amino acids, highlighting evolutionary changes.
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Dideoxy Sequencing

Evolutionary Biology

Evolutionary biology studies the processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth. By comparing amino acid sequences among species, scientists can infer evolutionary relationships and trace lineage divergence. Differences in sequences, such as those highlighted in the question, can provide insights into how species have adapted to their environments over time.
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History of Evolutionary Theory Example 1
Related Practice
Textbook Question

Homeotic genes

a. Encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures.

b. Are found only in Drosophila and other arthropods.

c. Are the only genes that contain the homeobox domain.

d. Encode proteins that form anatomical structures in the fly.

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Textbook Question

Two eukaryotic proteins have one domain in common but are otherwise very different. Which of the following processes is most likely to have contributed to this similarity?

a. Gene duplication

b. Alternative splicing

c. Exon shuffling

d. Random point mutations

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Textbook Question

Use a highlighter to color any amino acid that varies among the species. (Color that amino acid in all sequences.)

a. The C, G, R sequences are identical. Identify which lines correspond to those sequences.


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Textbook Question

Use a highlighter to color any amino acid that varies among the species. (Color that amino acid in all sequences.)

c. The O sequence differs from the C, G, R sequences at one amino acid (having V instead of A) and from the H sequence at three amino acids. Identify the O sequence.

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Textbook Question

Use a highlighter to color any amino acid that varies among the species. (Color that amino acid in all sequences.)

d. In the M sequence, circle the amino acid(s) that differ from the C, G, R sequences, and draw a square around those that differ from the H sequence.

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Textbook Question

Use a highlighter to color any amino acid that varies among the species. (Color that amino acid in all sequences.)

e. Primates and rodents diverged between 60 and 100 million years ago, and chimpanzees and humans about 6 million years ago. Compare the amino acid differences between the mouse and the C, G, R species with those between the human and the C, G, R species. What can you conclude?

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