Textbook Question
What are the two common types of protein secondary structure, and how do they differ?
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Ch. 14 - Translation and Proteins
Klug12th EditionConcepts of Genetics ISBN: 9780135564776
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 - Introduction to Genetics17
- Ch. 2 - Mitosis and Meiosis36
- Ch. 3 - Mendelian Genetics51
- Ch. 4 - Extensions of Mendelian Genetics74
- Ch. 5 - Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes51
- Ch. 6 - Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages46
- Ch. 7 - Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes33
- Ch. 8 - Chromosome Mutations: Variation in Number and Arrangement40
- Ch. 9 - Extranuclear Inheritance31
- Ch. 10 - DNA Structure and Analysis43
- Ch. 11 - DNA Replication and Recombination44
- Ch. 12 - DNA Organization in Chromosomes30
- Ch. 13 - The Genetic Code and Transcription54
- Ch. 14 - Translation and Proteins47
- Ch. 15 - Gene Mutation, DNA Repair, and Transposition41
- Ch. 16 - Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria29
- Ch. 17 - Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes41
- Ch. 18 - Post-transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes33
- Ch. 19 - Epigenetics33
- Ch. 20 - Recombinant DNA Technology44
- Ch. 21 - Genomic Analysis36
- Ch. 22 - Applications of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology36
- Ch. 23 - Developmental Genetics37
- Ch. 24 - Cancer Genetics34
- Ch. 25 - Quantitative Genetics and Multifactorial Traits54
- Ch. 26 - Population and Evolutionary Genetics45
Chapter 14, Problem 28
List three different types of posttranslational modifications that may happen to a protein and the significance of each in the context of protein function.
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Identify what posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are: chemical changes that occur to a protein after it has been synthesized (translated) from mRNA, which can alter the protein's function, localization, stability, or interactions.
List the first type of PTM, such as phosphorylation, and explain that it involves the addition of a phosphate group (PO₄³⁻) typically to serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues, which can regulate protein activity, signaling pathways, and interactions.
List the second type of PTM, such as glycosylation, which is the attachment of carbohydrate groups to specific amino acids, important for protein folding, stability, and cell-cell recognition.
List the third type of PTM, such as ubiquitination, where ubiquitin proteins are attached to lysine residues, marking the protein for degradation by the proteasome or altering its cellular location or activity.
For each PTM, emphasize its significance in modulating protein function dynamically, allowing cells to respond to environmental signals and maintain homeostasis.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Posttranslational Modifications (PTMs)
PTMs are chemical changes made to a protein after its synthesis, altering its properties and functions. These modifications regulate protein activity, localization, stability, and interactions, enabling dynamic control of cellular processes.
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Post Translational Modifications
Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation involves adding a phosphate group to amino acids like serine, threonine, or tyrosine. This modification often acts as an on/off switch for protein activity, playing a critical role in signaling pathways and cellular regulation.
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Glycosylation
Glycosylation is the attachment of sugar molecules to proteins, influencing folding, stability, and cell-cell recognition. It is essential for protein trafficking and immune responses, especially in membrane and secreted proteins.
Related Practice
Textbook Question
How do covalent disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds with water, and hydrophobic interactions all contribute to a protein's tertiary structure?
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Textbook Question
List as many different categories of protein functions as you can. Wherever possible, give an example of each category.
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Textbook Question
Why are misfolded proteins a potential problem for the eukaryotic cell, and how do cells combat the accumulation of misfolded proteins?
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Textbook Question
How does an enzyme function? Why are enzymes essential for living organisms on Earth?
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Textbook Question
Exon shuffling is a proposal that relates exons in DNA to the repositioning of functional domains in proteins. What evidence exists in support of exon shuffling?
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