Assume your patient has a superantigen circulating in their blood. Select the single statement that is most likely to apply to your patient.

a. They are at risk for endotoxic shock.

b. They are not up to date on their vaccinations.

c. They are infected with a Gram-positive microbe.

d. They do not have a fever.

e. They have a viral infection.

Which of the following is a true statement?

a. If a pathogen establishes an infection, it is described as virulent.

b. Pathogenicity is the extent of disease caused by a microbe.

c. Normal microbiota are not usually affected by host factors.

d. A pathogen’s virulence factors change over time in response to selective pressures.

e. Attenuated pathogens cause disease in a normal host.

Define the class of each listed exotoxin as type I, II, or III:

a. Superantigen

b. Hemolysins

c. Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins that cause food poisoning

d. AB toxin

e. Membrane-damaging toxins

f. Phospholipases

Which of the following is true regarding tropism?

a. It is the preference of a pathogen for a given tissue.

b. It is constant for a given microbe.

c. It limits a pathogen to infecting only one host.

d. It is determined by portal of entry.

e. It is independent of host factors.

Indicate the true statements and then correct the false statements so that they are true.

a. HIV is transmitted by a parenteral route.

b. Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause disease in an immune-competent host if the normal microbiota are disrupted.

c. Gram-positive bacteria may produce endotoxin.

d. Siderophores help pathogens obtain calcium.

e. Emerging pathogens tend to exhibit expanded tropism.

f. The more toxic a substance is, the higher its LD₅₀.

g. Virulence is the ability of a microbe to cause disease.

h. Gram-negative bacteria may produce exotoxins.

Select the false statement about normal microbiota.

a. They compete with pathogens.

b. They do not include potential pathogens.

c. They make vitamins for the host.

d. They train the immune system.

e. A disruption in their balance can lead to disease.

Pili, fimbriae, and sialic acid binding factors are examples of ________, which are virulence factors that allow pathogens to ________ host tissues––an essential early step in pathogenesis. In contrast, flagella, collagenases, and coagulases tend to act as ________, which help pathogens spread deeper into host tissues.

What is a reservoir, and why can C. difficile use a fomite as an effective environmental reservoir?

Toxigenic microbes produce _______. A high ID₅₀ would suggest _______, and a low LD₅₀ would suggest _______.

A pathogen that makes endotoxin, enters through the fecal–oral route, and lacks a nucleus is most likely a

a. Virus.

b. Gram-positive bacterium.

c. Gram-negative bacterium.

d. Protozoan pathogen.

e. There is not enough information to answer this question.

Complete the table:

Which of the following is false regarding biofilms?

a. They tend to consist of one species of microbe.

b. They are platforms on which pathogens may adhere.

c. They form on indwelling devices.

d. They may harbor pathogens.

e. They can form on natural and manufactured surfaces.

Make a Venn diagram to compare and contrast endotoxins and exotoxins.

Imagine that one of your patients is an emergency medical technician who has a family history of autoimmune disorders and allergy, but she does not currently suffer from either. Which of the following is (are) most likely true of your patient? Select all

that apply. (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. She is at an increased risk for cancer.

b. She is at an increased risk for type I hypersensitivities.

c. She is at an increased risk for type III hypersensitivities.

d. She is at an increased risk for latex hypersensitivity.

e. She is at an increased risk for immunosuppression.

Which types of white blood cells are most likely to be involved in type I hypersensitivities? Select all that apply.

a. T helper cells

b. T cytotoxic cells

c. Basophils

d. Macrophages

e. Mast cells

What is the general goal of treatments used for autoimmune disorders? (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

Which of the following is (are) true regarding primary immunodeficiencies? Select all that apply.

a. These disorders tend to be present from birth.

b. These disorders are also called congenital immunodeficiencies.

c. These disorders are more common in elderly patients.

d. Patients with these disorders may not have a familial history of immunodeficiencies.

e. Patients with these disorders tend to experience recurring, persistent, and severe infections, often caused by uncommon agents.

What three main options can a pathogen pursue following adhesion?

How does Rickettsia rickettsii damage blood vessels? (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. It blocks blood vessels and causes vessel inflammation.

b. It releases a toxin that destroys blood vessels.

c. It causes sepsis and septic shock, which damages blood vessels.

d. It avoids antibodies by binding to blood vessel surfaces.

e. It infects the epithelial cells of the vessels.

Which of the following is false regarding toxemia?

a. It can be caused by bacteria or fungi.

b. It is localized in the patient’s body.

c. It can be caused by endotoxins.

d. It can be caused by exotoxins.

e. Some forms are vaccine preventable.

What precautions or actions would apply to an HIV/AIDS patient? Select all that apply.

a. Droplet precautions

b. Standard precautions

c. BSL-4 precautions

d. Universal precautions

e. AFB precautions

f. Isolation practices

Give two reasons why the bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine is not routinely recommended in the United States to prevent tuberculosis.

Indicate the true statements, and then correct the false statements so that they are true.

a. The most common viruses that cause human respiratory system infections are cold viruses.

b. Viruses can be treated with antibiotics.

c. People who have been exposed to cold and/or wet conditions are statistically more likely to develop a cold.

d. Many respiratory illnesses that are not caused by influenza viruses have flu-like symptoms.

e. The flu vaccine is not recommended for children under 2 years of age.

f. Pneumonia is a rare healthcare-acquired infection.

Match the following:

Choose the general agent of the disease (select ONE choice of agent from the options after each illness):

a. Pneumococcal pneumonia is caused by a (virus, bacterium, fungus).

b. Pneumocystis pneumonia is caused by a (virus, bacterium, fungus).

c. Tuberculosis is caused by a (virus, bacterium, fungus).

d. Histoplasmosis is caused by a (virus, bacterium, fungus).

e. Influenza is caused by a (virus, bacterium, fungus).

f. Colds are caused by (viruses, bacteria, fungi).

g. Coccidioidomycosis is caused by a (virus, bacterium, fungus).

h. Diphtheria is caused by a (virus, bacterium, fungus).

i. Pertussis is caused by a (virus, bacterium, fungus).

j. Scarlet fever is caused by a (virus, bacterium, fungus).

k. Legionellosis is caused by a (virus, bacterium, fungus).

l. Q fever is caused by a (virus, bacterium, fungus).

m. Hanta pulmonary syndrome is caused by a (virus, bacterium, fungus).

n. Streptococcal pharyngitis is caused by a (virus, bacterium, fungus).

From the following list, select all of the diseases that antibiotics do not directly cure.

a. Hanta pulmonary syndrome

b. Streptococcus pneumoniae

c. Colds

d. Influenza

e. Haemophilus influenzae

f. COVID-19

g. Legionellosis

h. Tularemia

Select the true statements about SARS-CoV-2. (Select all that apply.)

a. It causes COVID-19.

b. It is vaccine preventable.

c. The FDA has approved hydroxychloroquine to treat infections with this virus.

d. It is considered a zoonotic infection.

e. It causes a form of viral pneumonia.

Which of the following would you expect for a SARS-CoV-2 variant that is classified as a variant of interest? (Select all that apply.)

a. The isolated virus is genetically unique as compared to earlier circulating versions of SARS-CoV-2.

b. There is evidence that the variant completely evades vaccine-induced immunity.

c. The variant is broadly detectable with current diagnostic tools.

d. The variant can cause viral pneumonia.

e. Infections caused by the variant are not treatable with existing approved drug therapies.

List the anatomical structures of the human upper respiratory tract.

List the anatomical structures of the human lower respiratory tract.