Introduction XIX

Part I: Network fundamentals

Chapter 1
- IPv4 Addressing–How It Works 1
- What Are IPv4 Addresses Used For? 1
- What Does an IPv4 Address Look Like? 2
- Network and Subnetwork Masks 2
- Ways to Write a Network or Subnet Mask 3
- Network, Node, and Broadcast Addresses 3
- Classes of IPv4 Addresses 4
- Network vs. Node (Host) Bits 5
- RFC (Private) 1918 Addresses 6
- Local vs. Remote Addresses 7
- Classless Addressing 7
- Lessons Learned 9
Chapter 2
- How to Subnet IPv4 Addresses 11
- Subnetting a Class C Network Using Binary 12
- Subnetting a Class B Network Using Binary 15
- Binary ANDing 17
- So Why AND? 19
- Shortcuts in Binary ANDing 20
Chapter 3
- Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) 23
- IP Subnet Zero 23
- VLSM Example 24
- Step 1: Determine How Many H Bits Will Be Needed to Satisfy the Largest Network 25
- Step 2: Pick a Subnet for the Largest Network to Use 25
- Step 3: Pick the Next Largest Network to Work With 26
- Step 4: Pick the Third Largest Network to Work With 28
- Step 5: Determine Network Numbers for Serial Links 30
Chapter 4
- Route Summarization 33
- Example for Understanding Route Summarization 33
- Step 1: Summarize Winnipeg’s Routes 34
- Step 2: Summarize Calgary’s Routes 35
- Step 3: Summarize Edmonton’s Routes 35
- Step 4: Summarize Vancouver’s Routes 36
- Route Summarization and Route Flapping 38
- Requirements for Route Summarization 38
Chapter 5
- IPv6 Addressing–How It Works 39
- IPv6: A Very Brief Introduction 39
- What Does an IPv6 Address Look Like? 40
- Reducing the Notation of an IPv6 Address 41
- Rule 1: Omit Leading 0s 41
- Rule 2: Omit All-0s Hextet 42
- Combining Rule 1 and Rule 2 42
- Prefix Length Notation 43
- IPv6 Address Types 44
- Unicast Addresses 45
- Multicast Addresses 48
- Anycast Addresses 50
Chapter 6
- Cables and Connections 51
- Connecting a Rollover Cable to Your Router or Switch 51
- Using a USB Cable to Connect to Your Router or Switch 51
- Terminal Settings 52
- LAN Connections 53
- Serial Cable Types 53
- Which Cable to Use? 55
- ANSI/TIA Cabling Standards 56
- T568A Versus T568B Cables 57
Chapter 7
- The Command-Line Interface 59
- Shortcuts for Entering Commands 59
- Using the Tab Key to Complete Commands 60
- Console Error Messages 60
- Using the Question Mark for Help 60
- enable Command 61
- exit Command 61
- end Command 61
- disable Command 61
- logout Command 62
- Setup Mode 62
- Keyboard Help 62
- History Commands 63
- terminal Commands 64
- show Commands 64
- Using the Pipe Parameter ( | ) with the show or more Commands 64
- Using the no and default Forms of Commands 66

Part II: LAN switching technologies

Chapter 8
- Configuring a Switch 67
- Help Commands 68
- Command Modes 68
- Verifying Commands 68
- Resetting Switch Configuration 69
- Setting Host Names 69
- Setting Passwords 69
- Setting IP Addresses and Default Gateways 70
- Setting Interface Descriptions 70
- The mdix auto Command 70
- Setting Duplex Operation 71
- Setting Operation Speed 71
- Managing the MAC Address Table 72
- Configuration Example 72
Chapter 9
- VLANs 75
- Creating Static VLANs 75
- Creating Static VLANs Using VLAN Configuration Mode 75
- Assigning Ports to VLANs 76
- Using the range Command 76
- Configuring a Voice VLAN 76
- Configuring Voice and Data with Trust 77
- Configuring Voice and Data Without Trust 78
- Verifying VLAN Information 78
- Saving VLAN Configurations 79
- Erasing VLAN Configurations 79
- Configuration Example: VLANs 80
- 2960 Switch 80
Chapter 10
- VLAN Trunking Protocol and Inter-VLAN Communication 83
- Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP) 83
- Setting the VLAN Encapsulation Type 84
- VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) 84
- Verifying VTP 86
- Inter-VLAN Communication Using an External Router: Router-on-a-Stick 87
- Inter-VLAN Communication on a Multilayer Switch Through a Switch Virtual Interface 88
- Removing L2 Switchport Capability of an Interface on an L3 Switch 88
- Configuring Inter-VLAN Communication on an L3 Switch 88
- Inter-VLAN Communication Tips 88
- Configuration Example: Inter-VLAN Communication 89
- ISP Router 89
- CORP Router 90
- L2Switch2 (Catalyst 2960) 92
- L3Switch1 (Catalyst 3560/3650/3750) 94
- L2Switch1 (Catalyst 2960) 95
Chapter 11
- Spanning Tree Protocol 97
- Spanning Tree Protocol Definition 97
- Enabling Spanning Tree Protocol 98
- Changing the Spanning-Tree Mode 99
- BPDU Guard (3650/9xxx Series) 99
- Configuring the Root Switch 100
- Configuring a Secondary Root Switch 100
- Configuring Port Priority 100
- Configuring the Path Cost 101
- Configuring the Switch Priority of a VLAN 101
- Configuring STP Timers 102
- Configuring Optional Spanning-Tree Features 102
- PortFast 102
- BPDU Guard (2xxx/Older 3xxx Series) 103
- Enabling the Extended System ID 103
- Verifying STP 104
- Troubleshooting Spanning Tree Protocol 104
- Configuration Example: PVST+ 104
- Core Switch (3650) 105
- Distribution 1 Switch (3650) 106
- Distribution 2 Switch (3650) 106
- Access 1 Switch (2960) 107
- Access 2 Switch (2960) 107
- Spanning-Tree Migration Example: PVST+ to Rapid-PVST+ 108
- Access 1 Switch (2960) 108
- Access 2 Switch (2960) 108
- Distribution 1 Switch (3650) 109
- Distribution 2 Switch (3650) 109
- Core Switch (3650) 109
Chapter 12
- EtherChannel 111
- EtherChannel 111
- Interface Modes in EtherChannel 111
- Default EtherChannel Configuration 112
- Guidelines for Configuring EtherChannel 112
- Configuring Layer 2 EtherChannel 113
- Configuring Layer 3 EtherChannel 114
- Configuring EtherChannel Load Balancing 114
- Configuring LACP Hot-Standby Ports 115
- Monitoring and Verifying EtherChannel 116
- Configuration Example: EtherChannel 117
- DLSwitch (3560 or 9300) 117
- ALSwitch1 (2960 or 9200) 118
- ALSwitch2 (2960 or 9200) 119
Chapter 13
- Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) and Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) 121
- Cisco Discovery Protocol 121
- Configuring CDP 121
- Verifying and Troubleshooting CDP 122
- CDP Design Tips 122
- Link Layer Discovery Protocol (802.1AB) 123
- Configuring LLDP (802.1AB) 123
- Verifying and Troubleshooting LLDP 124

Part III: Routing technologies

Chapter 14
- Configuring a Cisco Router 125
- Router Modes 126
- Entering Global Configuration Mode 126
- Configuring a Router Name 126
- Configuring Passwords 126
- Password Encryption 127
- Interface Names 127
- Moving Between Interfaces 131
- Configuring a Serial Interface 132
- Assigning an IPv4 Address to a Fast Ethernet Interface 132
- Assigning an IPv4 Address to a Gigabit Ethernet Interface 132
- Assigning IPv6 Addresses to Interfaces 133
- Creating a Message-of-the-Day Banner 133
- Creating a Login Banner 134
- Mapping a Local Host Name to a Remote IP Address 134
- The no ip domain-lookup Command 134
- Working with DNS on a Router 134
- The logging synchronous Command 135
- The exec-timeout Command 136
- Saving Configurations 136
- Erasing Configurations 136
- The write Command 137
- Verifying Your Configurations Using show Commands 137
- EXEC Commands in Configuration Mode: The do Command 138
- Configuration Example: Basic Router Configuration 138
- Boston Router 138
Chapter 15
- Static Routing 141
- Configuring an IPv4 Static Route 141
- Static Routes and Recursive Lookups 142
- The permanent Keyword 142
- Floating Static Routes in IPv4 and Administrative Distance 143
- Configuring an IPv4 Default Route 144
- Verifying IPv4 Static Routes 144
- Configuration Example: IPv4 Static Routes 144
- Ketchikan Router 145
- Juneau Router 145
- Sitka Router 146
- Configuring an IPv6 Static Route 146
- Floating Static Routes in IPv6 147
- Configuring an IPv6 Default Route 147
- Verifying IPv6 Static Routes 147
Chapter 16
- Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) 149
- OSPFv2 Versus OSPFv3 149
- Configuring OSPF 150
- Using Wildcard Masks with OSPF Areas 150
- Loopback Interfaces 152
- Router ID 152
- DR/BDR Elections 153
- Timers 153
- Verifying OSPFv2 Configurations 153
- Troubleshooting OSPFv2 154
- Configuration Example: Single-Area OSPF 154
- Austin Router 155
- Houston Router 156
- Galveston Router 157

Part IV: IP services

Chapter 17
- DHCP 159
- Configuring a DHCP Server on an IOS Router 159
- Using Cisco IP Phones with a DHCP Server 160
- Verifying and Troubleshooting DHCP Configuration 160
- Configuring a DHCP Helper Address 161
- Configuring a DHCP Client on a Cisco IOS Software Ethernet Interface 162
- Configuration Example: DHCP 162
- Edmonton Router 162
- Gibbons Router 164
Chapter 18
- Network Address Translation (NAT) 165
- Private IP Addresses: RFC 1918 165
- Configuring Dynamic NAT: One Private to One Public Address Translation 165
- Configuring PAT: Many Private to One Public Address Translation 167
- Configuring Static NAT: One Private to One Permanent Public Address Translation 169
- Verifying NAT and PAT Configurations 170
- Troubleshooting NAT and PAT Configurations 171
- Configuration Example: PAT 171
- ISP Router 171
- Company Router 172
Chapter 19
- Configuring Network Time Protocol (NTP) 175
- NTP Configuration 175
- NTP Design 176
- Securing NTP 177
- Enabling NTP Authentication 177
- Limiting NTP Access with Access Lists 178
- Verifying and Troubleshooting NTP 178
- Setting the Clock on a Router 179
- Using Time Stamps 182
- Configuration Example: NTP 182
- Core1 Router 183
- Core2 Router 184
- DLSwitch1 185
- DLSwitch2 185
- ALSwitch1 186
- ALSwitch2 186

Part V: Security fundamentals

Chapter 20
- Layer Two Security Features 187
- Setting Passwords on a Switch 187
- Configuring Static MAC Addresses 188
- Configuring Switch Port Security 188
- Configuring Sticky MAC Addresses 189
- Verifying Switch Port Security 189
- Recovering Automatically from Error-Disabled Ports 190
- Verifying Autorecovery of Error-Disabled Ports 190
- Configuring DHCP Snooping 191
- Verifying DHCP Snooping 192
- Configuring Dynamic ARP Inspection (DAI) 193
- Verifying Dynamic ARP Inspection 193
- Configuration Example: Switch Security 194
Chapter 21
- Managing Traffic Using Access Control Lists (ACLs) 197
- Access List Numbers 197
- Using Wildcard Masks 198
- ACL Keywords 198
- Creating Standard ACLs 198
- Applying Standard ACLs to an Interface 199
- Verifying ACLs 200
- Removing ACLs 200
- Creating Extended ACLs 200
- Applying Extended ACLs to an Interface 201
- The established Keyword 201
- The log Keyword 202
- Creating Named ACLs 203
- Using Sequence Numbers in Named ACLs 203
- Removing Specific Lines in Named ACLs Using Sequence Numbers 204
- Sequence Number Tips 204
- Including Comments About Entries in ACLs 205
- Restricting Virtual Terminal Access 206
- Tips for Configuring ACLs 206
- IPv6 ACLs 207
- Verifying IPv6 ACLs 207
- Configuration Examples: IPv4 ACLs 208
- Configuration Examples: IPv6 ACLs 210
Chapter 22
- Device Monitoring and Hardening 213
- Device Monitoring 213
- Configuration Backups 213
- Implementing Logging 214
- Configuring Syslog 215
- Syslog Message Format 215
- Syslog Severity Levels 216
- Syslog Message Example 216
- Device Hardening 217
- Configuring Passwords 217
- Password Encryption 218
- Password Encryption Algorithm Types 218
- Configuring SSH 219
- Verifying SSH 220
- Restricting Virtual Terminal Access 220
- Disabling Unneeded Services 221

Part VI: Wireless technologies

Chapter 23
- Configuring and Securing a WLAN AP 223
- Initial Setup of a Wireless LAN Controller (WLC) 223
- Monitoring the WLC 229
- Configuring a VLAN (Dynamic) Interface 230
- Configuring a DHCP Scope 234
- Configuring a WLAN 237
- Defining a RADIUS Server 239
- Exploring Management Options 242
- Configuring a WLAN Using WPA2 PSK 246

Part VII: Appendices

Appendix A
- How to Count in Decimal, Binary, and Hexadecimal 251
- How to Count in Decimal 251
- How to Count in Binary 253
- How to Count in Hexadecimal 254
- Representing Decimal, Binary, and Hexadecimal Numbers 256
Appendix B
- How to Convert Between Number Systems 259
- How to Convert from Decimal to Binary 259
- How to Convert from Binary to Decimal 260
- How to Convert from Decimal IP Addresses to Binary and from Binary IP Addresses to Decimal 261
- A Bit of Perspective 262
- How to Convert from Hexadecimal to Binary 262
- How to Convert from Binary to Hexadecimal 263
- How to Convert from Decimal to Hexadecimal 264
- How to Convert from Hexadecimal to Decimal 265
Appendix C
- Binary/Hex/Decimal Conversion Chart 267
Appendix D
- Create Your Own Journal Here 275

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