Preface   xxiv
PART I:Â OVERVIEW
Chapter 1: Cellular Networks: Concepts and Evolution   2
1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks   2
1.2 Cellular Network Concepts   4
  Cellular Organization   4
  Network System Elements   10
  Operation of Cellular Systems   11
1.3 First Generation (1G)Â Â Â 14
1.4 Second Generation (2G)Â Â Â 15
  Time-Division Multiple Access   16
  GSM Architecture   17
  Radio Link Aspects   20
1.5 Third Generation (3G)Â Â Â 20
  Code-Division Multiple Access   21
  3G Architecture   21
1.6 Fourth Generation (4G)Â Â Â 24
  E-UTRAN   26
  LTE-Advanced Transmission Characteristics   29
  Evolved Packet Core   33
1.7 Key Terms and Review Questions   34
  Key Terms   34
  Review Questions   35
Chapter 2: 5G Standards and Specifications   36
2.1 ITU-R and IMT-2020Â Â Â 37
  International Mobile Telecommunications   38
  Capabilities   38
  Usage Scenarios   41
  Use Cases   43
  Evaluation   46
2.2 ITU-T and IMT-2020Â Â Â 57
  Requirements   57
  Network Slicing   59
  Fixed Mobile Convergence   61
  IMT-2020 Core Network Framework   62
2.3 3GPPÂ Â Â 65
  3GPP Releases   69
  Detailed Requirements   70
2.4 Key Terms and Review Questions   72
  Key Terms   72
  Review Questions   73
2.5 References and Documents   74
  References   74
  Documents   74
Chapter 3: Overview of 5G Use Cases and Architecture   76
3.1 5G Use Cases   77
  ITU-R   77
  5G Americas   77
  NGMA Alliance   79
3.2 NGMN 5G Architecture Framework   81
  Layered Functionality   82
  Network Slicing   85
3.3 3GPP 5G Architecture   87
  5G Core Network Architecture   87
  Radio Access Network Architecture   94
  Session Establishment   97
3.4 Key Terms and Review Questions   98
  Key Terms   98
  Review Questions   99
3.5 References and Documents   99
  References   99
  Documents   100
PART II:Â USE CASES AND APPLICATIONS
Chapter 4: Enhanced Mobile Broadband   102
4.1 eMBB Deployment Scenarios   103
  Indoor Hotspot   104
  Dense Urban   105
  Rural   105
4.2 eMBB Performance Characteristics   105
  Data Rate Requirements   106
  Spectral Efficiency Requirements   107
  Latency Requirements   108
  Mobility Requirements   108
  System Requirements   109
4.3 Smart Office: An Indoor Hotspot Use Case   110
4.4 Dense Urban Information Society: A Dense Urban Use Case   111
4.5 Radiocommunication Systems Between Train and Trackside: A Rural eMBB Use Case   113
  Elements of RSTT   114
  Applications of RSTT   114
  Broadband Connectivity for Passengers   116
  Linear Cell Architecture   117
4.6 Key Terms and Review Questions   118
  Key Terms   118
  Review Questions   118
4.7 References and Documents   119
  References   119
  Documents   119
Chapter 5: Massive Machine Type Communications   122
5.1 mMTC Performance Requirements   123
5.2 The Internet of Things   124
  The Scope of the Internet of Things   125
  Things on the Internet of Things   128
  Components of IoT-Enabled Things   128
  Constrained Devices   129
  IoT and Cloud Context   130
5.3 Relationship Between mMTC and the IoTÂ Â Â 133
5.4 Relationship Between mMTC and NB-IoT and eMTCÂ Â Â 135
  Comparison of NB-IoT and eMTC   135
  Low-Power Wide Area (LPWA)   136
5.5 Smart Agriculture   138
  Model of IoT Deployment   138
  Use Cases   140
  Precision Crop Management   145
  Network Performance Requirements   150
5.6 Smart Cities   150
  Smart City Use Cases   151
  ICT Architecture for Smart Cities   158
  Network Performance Requirements   160
5.7 Key Terms and Review Questions   162
  Key Terms   162
  Review Questions   163
5.8 References and Documents   163
  References   163
  Documents   164
Chapter 6: Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications   166
6.1 URLLC Performance Requirements   167
  Latency   168
  Mobility   169
  Reliability   170
  NGMN Definitions   170
6.2 URLLC Use Cases in Emerging Mission-Critical Applications   171
  Industrial Automation   171
  Ground Vehicles, Drones, and Robots   171
  Tactile Interaction   171
  Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality   172
  Emergencies, Disasters, and Public Safety   176
  Urgent Healthcare   176
  Intelligent Transportation   177
6.3 URLLC Applications Based on Performance Requirements   178
  Higher Reliability and Lower Latency   179
  Higher Reliability, Higher Availability, and Lower Latency   180
  Very Low Latency   181
  Higher Accuracy Positioning   181
  Higher Availability   181
  Mission-Critical Services   182
6.4 Industry 4.0Â Â Â 182
  Factory Automation Architecture   183
  Application Areas   185
  Use Cases   187
  Performance Requirements   189
6.5 Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management   191
  UTM Architecture   192
  5G Performance Requirements for UTM   194
6.6 Key Terms and Review Questions   197
  Key Terms   197
  Review Questions   198
6.7 References and Documents   199
  References   199
  Documents   199
PART III:Â 5G NEXTGEN CORE NETWORK
Chapter 7: Software-Defined Networking   202
7.1 Evolving Network Requirements   203
7.2 The SDN Approach   204
  Modern Network Requirements   204
  SDN Architecture   204
  Characteristics of Software-Defined Networking   207
7.3 SDN Data Plane   207
  Data Plane Functions   207
  Data Plane Protocols   209
7.4 OpenFlow   209
  Flow Table Structure   211
  Flow Table Pipeline   214
  The Use of Multiple Tables   216
  Group Table   217
  OpenFlow Protocol   217
7.5 SDN Control Plane   218
  Control Plane Functions   218
  Southbound Interface   220
  Northbound Interface   220
  Eastbound Interface   223
  Westbound Interface   224
7.6 SDN Application Plane   225
  Application Plane Architecture   225
  Northbound Interface   226
  Network Services Abstraction Layer   226
  Network Applications   226
  User Interface   230
7.7 Key Terms and Review Questions   230
  Key Terms   230
  Review Questions   231
7.8 References and Documents   231
  References   231
  Documents   232
Chapter 8: Network Functions Virtualization   234
8.1 Background and Motivation for NFVÂ Â Â 235
8.2 Virtual Machines and Containers   236
  Hypervisor   236
  Architectural Approaches   238
  Container Virtualization   241
8.3 NFV Concepts   242
  Simple Example of the Use of NFV   245
  NFV Principles   246
  High-Level NFV Framework   246
8.4 NFV Benefits and Requirements   248
  NFV Benefits   248
  NFV Requirements   249
8.5 NFV Reference Architecture   250
  NFV Management and Orchestration   251
  Reference Points   251
8.6 NFV Infrastructure   252
  Container Interface   253
  Deployment of NFVI Containers   256
  Logical Structure of NFVI Domains   257
  Compute Domain   258
  Hypervisor Domain   260
  Infrastructure Network Domain   261
8.7 Virtualized Network Functions   263
  VNF Interfaces   263
  VNFC-to-VNFC Communication   264
  VNF Scaling   266
8.8 SDN and NFVÂ Â Â 267
8.9 Key Terms and Review Questions   269
  Key Terms   269
  Review Questions   270
8.10 References and Documents   271
  References   271
  Documents   271
Chapter 9: Core Network Functionality, QoS, and Network Slicing   272
9.1 Core Network Requirements   273
  Network Operational Requirements   273
  Basic Network Requirements   275
9.2 Core Network Functional Architecture   279
  Tunneling   281
  PDU Session Establishment   283
  Policy Control Function   287
9.3 Quality of Service   291
  QoS Capabilities   291
  QoS Architectural Framework   294
  QoS Classification, Marking, and Differentiation   297
  3GPP QoS Architecture   298
  QoS Parameters   299
  QoS Characteristics   301
  Standardized 5QI-to-QoS Characteristic Mapping   303
9.4 Network Slicing   307
  Network Slicing Concepts   308
  Requirements for Network Slicing   310
  Identifying and Selecting a Network Slice   312
  Functional Aspects of Network Slicing   313
  Generic Slice Template   314
9.5 SDN and NFV Support for 5GÂ Â Â 315
9.6 Key Terms and Review Questions   319
  Key Terms   319
  Review Questions   319
9.7 References and Documents   320
  References   320
  Documents   320
Chapter 10: Multi-Access Edge Computing   322
10.1 MEC and 5GÂ Â Â 323
10.2 MEC Architectural Concepts   324
10.3 ETSI MEC Architecture   327
  Design Principles   328
  MEC System Reference Architecture   329
  Related Elements   332
10.4 MEC in NFVÂ Â Â 333
  MEC Components Implemented as VNFs   333
  MEC Components Replaced by NFV Components   335
  MEC System-Level Components   335
10.5 MEC Support for Network Slicing   335
10.6 MEC Use Cases   336
  Consumer-Oriented Services   337
  Operator and Third-Party Services   342
  Network Performance and QoS Improvements   344
10.7 3GPP Architecture for Enabling Edge Applications   349
  EDGEAPP Functional Architecture   350
  Synergized Mobile Edge Cloud Architecture   352
10.8 Key Terms and Review Questions   353
  Key Terms   353
  Review Questions   353
10.9 References and Documents   354
  References   354
  Documents   355
PART IV:Â 5G NR AIR INTERFACE AND RADIO ACCESS NETWORK
Chapter 11: Wireless Transmission   356
11.1 Channel Capacity   357
  Nyquist Bandwidth   357
  Shannon Capacity Formula   358
11.2 Line-of-Sight Transmission   361
  Refraction   362
  Optical and Radio Line of Sight   363
11.3 Line-of-Sight Transmission Impairments   364
  Attenuation   364
  Free Space Loss   365
  Path Loss Exponent in Practical Cellular Systems   368
  Noise   369
  The Expression Eb/N0   372
  Atmospheric Absorption   374
  Multipath   375
  Refraction   376
11.4 Fading in the Mobile Environment   376
  Multipath Propagation   376
  The Effects of Multipath Propagation   377
  Types of Fading   378
  The Fading Channel   379
11.5 Millimeter Wave Transmission for 5GÂ Â Â 381
  Propagation Impairments   381
  Implications for 5G   385
11.6 Key Terms and Review Questions   387
  Key Terms   387
  Review Questions   388
11.7 References   389
ANNEX 11A: Decibels and Signal Strength   389
Chapter 12: Antennas   394
12.1 Channel Correction Mechanisms   394
  Adaptive Equalization   395
  Diversity Techniques   396
  Adaptive Modulation and Coding   398
  Forward Error Correction   398
12.2 Introduction to Antennas   399
  Radiation Patterns   399
  Antenna Types   401
  Antenna Gain   406
12.3 Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output (MIMO) Antennas   407
  MIMO Principles   408
  Multiple-User MIMO   410
12.4 Advanced Cellular Antennas   411
  Evolution of Cellular Antennas   411
  Beamforming   412
  Active Antenna Systems   416
  Massive MIMO   417
12.5 Key Terms and Review Questions   420
  Key Terms   420
  Review Questions   421
12.6 References   422
Chapter 13: Air Interface Physical Layer   424
13.1 Modulation Schemes   424
  Modulation   425
  Amplitude-Shift Keying   425
  Frequency-Shift Keying   426
  Phase-Shift Keying   426
  Quadrature Amplitude Modulation   433
  pi/2-BPSK   437
13.2 OFDM, OFDMA, and SC-FDMAÂ Â Â 438
  Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing   438
  OFDM Implementation   441
  Difficulties of OFDM   444
  Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access   445
  Single-Carrier FDMA   446
13.3 Waveforms and Numerologies   448
  Numerology   448
  CP-OFDM   449
  DFT-S-OFDM   450
13.4 Key Terms and Review Questions   451
  Key Terms   451
  Review Questions   452
13.5 References and Documents   453
  References   453
  Documents   453
ANNEX 13A: Multiplexing and Multiple Access   453
  Multiplexing   453
  Multiple Access   455
Chapter 14: Air Interface Channel Coding   456
14.1 Transmission Errors   457
  Error Burst   457
  Data Transmission Channels   458
14.2 Forward Error Correction   460
  Block Error Correction   460
  Hamming Distance   462
14.3 Parity-Check Matrix Codes   466
  Encoding   469
  Error Detection   470
  Error Correction   470
14.4 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes   471
  Code Construction   472
  Error Correction   473
  Encoding   476
14.5 Polar Coding   476
  Polar Encoder   477
  Synthetic Channels   479
  Decoding   483
14.6 3GPP Channel Coding Specification   484
  Quasi-Cyclic Low-Density Parity-Check Codes   485
  Polar Coding with CRC   486
14.7 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request   488
14.8 Key Terms and Review Questions   490
  Key Terms   490
  Review Questions   490
14.9 References and Documents   491
  References   491
  Documents   492
Chapter 15: 5G Radio Access Network   494
15.1 Overall RAN Architecture   494
15.2 RAN–Core Functional Split   499
  RAN Functional Areas   500
  Core Functional Areas   501
15.3 RAN Channel Structure   502
  Logical Channel   503
  Transport Channels   503
  Physical Channels   504
15.4 RAN Protocol Architecture   505
  Air Interface Protocol Architecture   505
  Channel Structure   508
  RAN–Core Network Interface Protocol Architecture   509
  Xn Interface Protocol Architecture   511
15.5 NG RAN Transport Network   512
15.6 Integrated Access and Backhaul   517
  IAB Architecture   519
  Parent/Child Relationship   520
  IAB Protocol Architecture   520
15.7 Key Terms and Review Questions   523
  Key Terms   523
  Review Questions   524
15.8 References and Documents   525
  References   525
  Documents   525
PART V:Â APPENDIXES
Appendix A: Review Questions and Solutions   528
Appendix B: Glossary   594
Appendix C: Acronyms   604
Index   608