Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum, 14th edition

• An Introduction to Thinking and Writing in College
  • Defining Academic Thinking and Writing
  • Cultivating Intellectual Curiosity
  • Exploring Similarities and Differences
  • Arguing with Logic and Evidence
  • Challenging Arguments
  • Communicating Critical Thinking Through Writing

PART I: STRUCTURES AND STRATEGIES

1. Summary, Paraphrase, and Quotation
   • Previewing to Understand the Author’s Purpose
   • Exercise 1.1 Previewing a Paragraph
     • External Enhancements of Memory May Soon Go High-Tech–Jyutika Mehta
   • Forming a Preliminary Understanding of Topic and Purpose
   • Rereading for Content and Structure
     • How Brains Remember
   • Exercise 1.2 Marking Up a Passage
     • Critical Reading for Summary
   • Summarizing and Paraphrasing Parts of Sources
     • When to Summarize and Paraphrase
   • Summarizing Parts of Sources
   • Can a Summary Be Objective?
   • Paraphrasing Parts of Sources
   • Summarizing Entire Works
     • Guidelines for Writing Summaries
   • Read, Reread, and Highlight
   • Divide into Stages of Thought and Write a Brief Summary of Each Stage of Thought
   • Write a Thesis: A Brief Summary of the Entire Passage
   • Write Your Summary
   • Write a One- or Two-Sentence Summary
   • Write a Middle-Length Summary
   • Write an Expanded Summary
     • Where Do We Find Written Summaries?
   • Summarizing Challenging Sources
     • Reading and Summarizing Challenging Sources
   • Demonstration Summary of Paul Bloom’s “The Baby in the Well”
     • The Baby in the Well: The Case Against Empathy–Paul Bloom
   • Write a Brief Summary of Each Stage of Thought
   • Write a Thesis: A Brief Summary of the Entire Passage
   • Write a Draft by Combining Thesis, Section Summaries, and Selected Details
   • Summarizing Graphs, Charts, and Tables
   • Bar Graphs
   • Exercise 1.3 Summarizing Graphs
   • Line Graphs
   • Exercise 1.4 Summarizing Line Graphs
   • Pie Charts
   • Exercise 1.5 Summarizing Pie Charts
   • Other Charts: Bubble Maps, Pictograms, and Interactive Charts
   • Tables
   • Exercise 1.6 Summarizing Tables
   • Choosing Quotations
     • When to Quote
   • Quote Memorable Language
   • Quote Clear, Concise Language
   • Quote Authoritative Language
   • Altering Quotations
   • Use Ellipses to Indicate Omissions
   • Use Brackets to add or Substitute Words
   • Avoiding Classic Mistakes in Quoting
   • Avoid Quoting Too Much
     • Quote Only What You Need
   • Avoid Freestanding Quotations
   • Understand When to Use First and Last Names
   • Don’t Introduce Well-Known Names
   • Exercise 1.7 Incorporating Quotations
   • Using Signal Phrases
     • Signal Verbs to Introduce Quotations, Summaries, and Paraphrases
     • Signal Verbs and Tense
   • Six Strategies for Using Signal Phrases (or Sentences)
     1. Identifying Phrase at the Beginning
     2. Identifying Phrase in the Middle
     3. Identifying Phrase at the End
     4. Reference to a Source Preceded by That
     5. Identifying Sentence at the Beginning–With a Colon
     6. Block Quotation
        • Incorporating Quotations into Your Sentences
   • Exercise 1.8 Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting a Brief Passage
     • How to Use Sources to Build Paragraphs
   • Avoiding Plagiarism
     • Rules for Avoiding Plagiarism
2. Critical Reading and Critique
   • Critical Reading
   • Question 1: To What Extent Does the Author Succeed in His or Her Purpose?
   • Writing to Inform
   • Evaluating Informative Writing
   • Accuracy of Information
     • Web Sites and the Trust Factor: Know What Sort of Site You’re On
   • Significance of Information
   • Fair Interpretation of Information
   • Writing to Persuade
   • Exercise 2.1 Informative and Persuasive Thesis Statements
   • Evaluating Persuasive Writing
     • Consumer Watchdog
     • Americans Shouldn’t Demand a “Right to Be Forgotten: Online—Washington Post
     • The Right to Bury the (Online) Past—Liza Tucker
   • Exercise 2.2 Critical Reading Practice
   • Persuasive Strategies
   • Clearly Defined Terms
   • Fair Use of Information
   • Logical Argumentation: Avoiding Logical Fallacies
   • Emotionally Loaded Terms
   • Ad Hominem Argument
   • Faulty Cause and Effect
   • Either/or Reasoning
     • Tone
   • Hasty Generalization
   • False Analogy
   • Begging the Question
   • Non Sequitur
   • Oversimplification
   • Exercise 2.3 Understanding Logical Fallacies
   • Writing to Entertain
   • Question 2: To What Extent Do You Agree with the Author?
   • Identify Points of Agreement and Disagreement
   • Exercise 2.4 Exploring Your Viewpoints—in Three Paragraphs
   • Explore Reasons for Agreement and Disagreement: Evaluate Assumptions
   • Inferring and Implying Assumptions
   • Determining the Validity of Assumptions
   • Critique
   • How to Write Critiques
     • Guidelines for Writing Critiques
   • Demonstration: Critique
     • Model Critique: Critique of “The Right to Bury the (Online) Past” by Liza Tucker—Ethel Weiss
   • Exercise 2.5 Informal Critique of the Model Critique
     • Critical Reading for Critique
3. Thesis, Introduction, and Conclusion
   • Writing a Thesis
   • The Components of a Thesis
   • Making an Assertion
   • Starting with a Working Thesis
   • Using the Thesis to Plan a Structure
     • How Ambitious Should Your Thesis Be?
   • Exercise 3.1 Drafting Thesis Statements
   • Introductions
   • Quotation
   • Historical Review
   • Review of a Controversy
   • From the General to the Specific
   • Anecdote and Illustration: From the Specific to the General
   • Question
   • Statement of Thesis
   • Exercise 3.2 Drafting Introductions
   • Conclusions
   • Summary (Plus)
   • Statement of the Subject’s Significance
   • Call for Further Research
   • Solution/Recommendation
   • Anecdote
   • Quotation
   • Question
   • Speculation
   • Exercise 3.3 Drafting Conclusions
4. Explanatory Synthesis
   • What Is a Synthesis?
   • Using Summary and Critique as a Basis for Synthesis
   • Using Inference as a Basis for Synthesis: Moving Beyond Summary and Critique
   • Identifying Your Purpose
   • Example: Same Sources, Different Uses
     • Where Do We Find Written Syntheses?
   • Using Your Sources
   • Types of Syntheses: Explanatory and Argument
     • Seau Suffered from Brain Disease—Mary Pilon and Ken Belson
     • Concussion Problem Not Unique to U-M—The State News Editorial Board
   • How to Write Syntheses
     • Guidelines for Writing Syntheses
   • Writing an Explanatory Synthesis
   • Demonstration: Explanatory Synthesis—The “Idea” of Money
   • Exercise 4.1 Exploring the Topic
     • A Brief History of Money: Or, How We Learned to Stop Worrying and Embrace the Abstraction—James Surowiecki
     • Apple, Banks in Talks on Mobile Person-to- Person Payment Service—Robin Sidel and Daisuke Wakabayashi
   • Consider Your Purpose
   • Exercise 4.2 Critical Reading for Synthesis
   • Formulate a Thesis
   • Decide How You Will Use Your Source Material
   • Develop an Organizational Plan
     • Organize a Synthesis by Idea, Not by Source
   • Write Your Synthesis
     • Explanatory Synthesis: First Draft
   • Revise Your Synthesis
   • Exercise 4.3 Revising the Explanatory Synthesis
     • Model Explanatory Synthesis: The “Idea” of Money—Sheldon Kearney
     • Critical Reading for Synthesis
5. Argument Synthesis
   • What Is an Argument Synthesis?
   • The Elements of Argument: Claim, Support, and Assumption
   • Exercise 5.1 Practicing Claim, Support, and Assumption
   • The Three Appeals of Argument: Logos, Ethos, Pathos
   • Logos
   • Deductive Reasoning
   • Inductive Reasoning
   • Maintaining a Critical Perspective
   • Exercise 5.2 Using Deductive and Inductive Logic
   • Ethos
   • Exercise 5.3 Using Ethos
   • Pathos
   • Exercise 5.4 Using Pathos
   • The Limits of Argument
   • Fruitful Topics for Argument
   • How to Write Argument Syntheses
   • Demonstration: Developing an Argument Synthesis—Responding to Bullies
     • Bullying Statistics—Pacer.org
     • The 2013 National School Climate Survey: The Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender
     • Youth in Our Nation’s Schools—Joseph G. Kosciw, Emily A. Greytak, Neal A. Palmer, and Madelyn J.
     • Boesen
     • Olweus Bullying Prevention Program
     • White House Report/Bullying—And the Power of Peers—Philip Rodkin
   • Exercise 5.5 Critical Reading for Synthesis
   • Consider Your Purpose
   • Making a Claim: Formulate a Thesis
   • Decide How You Will Use Your Source Material
   • Develop an Organizational Plan
   • Draft and Revise Your Synthesis
     • Model Argument Synthesis: Responding to Bullies—Peter Simmons
   • The Strategy of the Argument Synthesis
   • Developing and Organizing the Support for Your Arguments
   • Summarize, Paraphrase, and Quote Supporting Evidence
   • Provide Various Types of Evidence and Motivational Appeals
   • Use Climactic Order
   • Use Logical or Conventional Order
   • Present and Respond to Counterarguments
   • Use Concession
     • Developing and Organizing Support for Your Arguments
   • Avoid Common Fallacies in Developing and Using Support
   • The Comparison-and- Contrast Synthesis
   • Organizing Comparison-and- Contrast Syntheses
   • Organizing by Source or Subject
   • Organizing by Criteria
   • Exercise 5.6 Comparing and Contrasting
   • A Case for Comparison and Contrast: World War I and World War II
   • Comparison and Contrast Organized by Criteria
     • Model Exam Response
   • The Strategy of the Exam Response
   • Summary of Synthesis Chapters
6. Analysis
   • What Is an Analysis?
     • Where Do We Find Written Analyses?
     • from The Invisible Addiction: Cell-Phone Activities and Addiction among Male and Female College Students—James A. Roberts, Luc Honore Petnji Yaya, and Chris Manolis
     • What’s in a Phone?—Jon Agar
   • Selecting and Using an Analytical Tool
   • Selecting the Analytical Tool
   • Using the Analytical Tool
   • Exercise 6.1 Using a Principle or Definition as a Tool for Analysis
   • Planning and Writing the Analysis Paper
   • Devising a Thesis
   • Developing the Paragraph-by- Paragraph Logic of Your Paper
   • Writing the Analysis Paper
     • Guidelines for Writing Analyses
   • Reviewing Your Analysis: Does It Pass Key Tests?
   • Have You Written a Summary Rather than an Analysis?
   • Is Your Analysis Systematic?
   • Have You Answered the “So What?” Question?
   • Have You Attributed Sources?
     • Critical Reading for Analysis
   • When Your Perspective Guides the Analysis
   • Exercise 6.2 Planning an Analysis
   • Demonstration: Analysis
     • Model Analysis: The Case of the Missing Kidney: An Analysis of Rumor—Linda Shanker
     • Works Cited
7. Locating, Mining, and Citing Sources
   • Source-Based Papers
     • Where Do We Find Written Research?
     • Writing the Research Paper
   • Developing a Topic into a Research Question
   • Brainstorming a Topic
     • Narrowing Your Topic
   • The Research Question
   • Exercise 7.1 Constructing Research Questions
   • Getting Started with Research
   • Consult Knowledgeable People
   • Familiarize Yourself with Your Library’s Resources
   • Locating Preliminary Sources
   • Encyclopedias
     • Wikipedia: Let the Buyer Beware
   • Exercise 7.2 Exploring Encyclopedias
   • Biographical Sources
   • Statistical Sources
   • Overviews and Bibliographies
   • Conducting Focused Research
   • Types of Sources
   • Books
   • Book Reviews
   • Newspapers, Magazines, and Journals
   • Newspapers
   • Magazines
   • Journals (Scholarly Material)
   • Exercise 7.3 Exploring Academic Journals
     • For Best Results, Plan Your Searches
   • Finding Material for Focused Research
   • Databases
   • General Databases
   • Subject-Specific Databases
   • Discovery Services
   • The Open Web
   • Google Scholar
   • USA.gov
     • Focused Research: Constructing Effective Search Queries
   • Advanced Searching with Boolean Logic and Truncation
   • Exercise 7.4 Exploring Online Sources
   • Interviews and Surveys
     • Guidelines for Conducting Interviews
     • Guidelines for Conducting Surveys and Designing Questionnaires
   • Evaluating Sources
     • Guidelines for Evaluating Sources
   • Evaluating Web Sources
   • Exercise 7.5 Practice Evaluating Web Sources
   • Mining Sources
     • Critical Reading for Research
   • The Working Bibliography
   • Note Taking
   • Bibliographic Management Tools
   • Getting the Most From Your Reading
   • Arranging Your Notes: The Outline
   • Research and Plagiarism
   • Time Management and Plagiarism
   • Note Taking and Plagiarism
   • Digital Life and Plagiarism
   • Determining Common Knowledge
   • A Guideline for Determining Common Knowledge
   • Plagiarism, the Internet, and Fair Use
   • Internet Paper Mills
   • Fair Use and Digital Media
   • Citing Sources
   • Types of Citations
   • APA Documentation Basics
   • APA In-Text Citations in Brief
   • APA References List in Brief
   • MLA Documentation Basics
   • MLA Citations in Brief
   • MLA Works Cited List in Brief

PART II: BRIEF TAKES

• Music

8. “Over the Rainbow” and the Art of the Musical Cover
   • The Art of “Over the Rainbow”—the editors
   • 19 Covers of “Over the Rainbow”
   • Who Put the Rainbow in The Wizard of Oz?—Harold Meyerson and Ernie Harburg
   • Video Link: Why “Over the Rainbow” Takes Us to a Magical, Musical Place—PBS NewsHour Interview with Composer Rob Kapilow
   • Why Cover a Song?
   • The Sincerest Form of Flattery—George Plasketes
   • A Treatise on Covers—Tom Bligh
   • How to Talk—and Write—About Popular Music (with Video Link)—Greg Blair
   • Comparing and Contrasting Three Covers of “Stormy Weather”—Greg Blair
   • 36 Covers of “Stormy Weather”
   • 22 Covers of Leonard Cohen’s “Hallelujah”: Listening Suggestions
   • The Greatest Covers of All Time—Andy Greene
   • The Assignment: Comparative Analysis

• Psychology

9. Obedience to Authority
   • Read; Prepare to Write
   • Group Assignment: Make a Topic List
   • The Readings and Videos
   • Why I Am Not an Anarchist—Christopher Wellman and John Simmons
   • Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem: Erich Fromm
   • The Power of Situations—Lee Ross and Richard E. Nisbett
   • The Milgram Experiment—Saul McLeod
   • Video Link: Opinions and Social Pressure—Solomon Asch
   • Video Link: The Stanford Prison Experiment—Philip G. Zimbardo
   • The Follower Problem—David Brooks
   • The Assignments
   • Summary & Paraphrase
   • Critique
   • Explanatory Synthesis
   • Suggestions for Developing the Assignment
   • Analysis
   • Suggestions for Developing the Assignment
   • Argument Synthesis
   • Suggestions for Developing the Assignment

• Sociology

10. The Roar of the Tiger Mom
    • Read; Prepare to Write
    • Group Assignment #1: Make a Topic List
    • Group Assignment #2: Create a Topic Web
    • The Readings
    • Adapted from Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother—Amy Chua
    • Amy Chua Is a Wimp—David Brooks
    • Whatever Happened to the Original Tiger Mum’s Children?—Tanith Carey
    • Tiger Mom vs. Tiger Mailroom—Patrick Goldstein
    • America’s Top Parent—Elizabeth Kolbert
    • Your Perfectionist Parenting Style May Be Detrimental to Your Child—Ariana Eunjung Cha
    • The Assignments
    • Summary
    • Critique
    • Explanatory Synthesis
    • Analysis
    • Argument
    • A Note on Incorporating Quotations and Paraphrases

PART III: AN ANTHOLOGY OF READINGS

• Literature and Film

11. First Impressions: The Art and Craft of Storytelling
    • The Art and Craft of Starting Your Story
    • The Hook—K.M. Weiland
    • Chapter Ones: The Novels
      • Pride and Prejudice (1813) by Jane Austen
      • Jane Eyre (1847) by Charlotte Brontë
      • Great Expectations (1860) by Charles Dickens
      • The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886) by Robert Louis Stevenson
      • The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) by L(yman) Frank Baum
      • My Ántonia (1918) by Willa Cather
    • Scene Ones: The Films
    • How to Start Your Script with a Killer Opening Scene—Tim Long
      • Pride and Prejudice (1995) directed by Simon Langton; Pride and Prejudice (2005) directed by Joe Wright
      • Jane Eyre (1943) directed by Robert Stevenson
      • Great Expectations (1946) directed by David Lean
      • The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931) directed by Rouben Mamoulian; (1941) directed by Victor Fleming
      • The Wizard of Oz (1939), directed by Victor Fleming
      • My Ántonia (1995) directed by Joseph Sargent
    • Other Scene Ones: from other, notable films
      • Dracula (1931) directed by Tod Browning, and Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1992) directed by Francis Ford Coppola
      • Citizen Kane (1941) directed by Orson Welles
      • Brief Encounter (1945) directed by David Lean
      • The Red Badge of Courage (1951) directed by John Huston
      • Shane (1953) directed by George Stevens
      • Rear Window (1954) directed by Alfred Hitchcock
      • The Godfather, Part One (1972) directed by Francis Ford Coppola
      • Do the Right Thing (1989) directed by Spike Lee
      • Dead Again (1991) directed by Kenneth Branagh
      • Sleepless in Seattle (1993) directed by Nora Ephron
      • The Devil in a Blue Dress (1995) directed by Carl Franklin
      • Emma (1996) directed by Douglas McGrath, and Clueless (1995) directed by Amy Heckerling
      • Chicago (2002) directed by Rob Marshall
      • The Hurt Locker (2008) directed by Kathryn Bigelow
      • Inception (2010) directed by Christopher Nolan
      • Gravity (2013) directed by Alfonso Cuarón
      • 12 Years a Slave (2013) directed by Steve McQueen
      • Moonlight (2016) directed by Barry Jenkins
    • Synthesis Activities

• Computer Science

12. Artificial Intelligence
    • The Legacy of Prometheus—George Luger
    • The End of Homo Sapiens—Yuval Harari
    • Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us—Bill Joy
    • An Open Letter on Artificial Intelligence—Future of Life Institute
    • Research Priorities for Robust and Beneficial Artificial Intelligence—Stuart Russel, Daniel Dewey, and Max Tegmark
    • An Open Letter on AI: Why Now?—Seán Ó hÉigeartaigh
    • Don’t Fear Artificial Intelligence—Dominic Basulto
    • Robots Will Take Your Job; Will They Guarantee Your Income?—Scott Santens
    • A Review of Humans are Underrated by Geoff Colvin—Tyler Cowen
    • Automation and Anxiety—The Economist
    • Motion for a European Parliament Resolution to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics—Committee on Legal Affairs, European Parliament
    • Testing the Turing Test
    • The Turing Test—George Luger
    • Intelligent Machines That Compose Sonnets—National Public Radio
    • Intelligent Machines That Compose Music
    • Intelligent Machines That Draw and Paint
    • Intelligent Machines That Chat with You
    • Sympathy for the Robot: Visions of AI in Westworld—Christopher Orr
    • Synthesis Activities
    • Research Activities

• Sociology

13. Have You Heard This? The Latest on Rumor
    • 9/11: Rumor in a Broken World—Gary Fine and Bill Ellis
    • Memorable Examples of Rumor—Robert Bartholomew and Peter Hassall
    • Frankenchicken—Snopes.com
    • Fighting that Old Devil Rumor—Sandra Salmans
    • The Runaway Grandmother—Jan Harold Brunvand
    • How Technology Disrupted the Truth—Katherine Viner
    • Anatomy of a Rumor: It Flies on Fear—Daniel Goleman
    • A Psychology of Rumor—Robert H. Knapp
    • A Sociology of Rumor—Dan E. Miller
    • Pizzagate: An Anthropology of Rumor—Hugh Gusterson
    • Video Link: How and Why Rumors Work—And How to Stop Them—Nicholas DiFonzo
    • How to Fight a Rumor—Jesse Singal
    • The Rumor—John Updike
    • Synthesis Activities
    • Research Activities

• Philosophy

14. Fairy Tales: A Closer Look at Cinderella
    • A Girl, a Shoe, a Prince: The Endlessly Evolving “Cinderella”—Linda Holmes
    • What Great Books Do for Children—Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.
    • An Introduction to Fairy Tales—Maria Tatar
    • Three Variants of “Cinderella”
    • “Cinderella”—Charles Perrault
    • Ashputtle—Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm
    • A Chinese “Cinderella”—Tuan Ch’êng-shih
    • When the Clock Strikes – Tanith Lee
    • Four (Brief) Analyses of “Cinderella”
    • A Netherworld of Smut—Bruno Bettelheim
    • Wealth, Beauty, and Revenge—Rob Baum
    • The Coding of Black and White—Dorothy Hurley
    • Sexist Values and a Puritan Ethos—Jack Zipes
    • Cinderella’s Stepsisters—Toni Morrison
    • Cinderella: Not So Morally Superior—Elisabeth Panttaja
    • What’s Wrong with Cinderella?—Peggy Orenstein
    • Synthesis Activities
    • Research Activities

• Psychology

15. Advertising
    • Why Good Advertising Works (Even When You Think It Doesn’t)—Nigel Hollis
    • Selling Happiness: Three Pitches from Mad Men
    • An Introduction to Advertising in America—Daniel Pope
    • The Greatest Print Campaigns of All Time: Volkswagen Think Small—Joshua Johnson
    • Advertising’s Fifteen Basic Appeals—Jib Fowles / Shirley Biagi
    • A Portfolio of Print Ads: Six Archives
    • Advertising Archives
    • Duke University Medi