Advocacy and Opposition: An Introduction to Argumentation, 7th edition

Table of Contents

1. What is argumentation?
   • The nature of argumentation
   • The nature of the audience
   • The historical development of argumentation
   • Ethical standards for argumentation
2. Where do I begin in argumentation?
   • Fields of argumentation
   • Presumption
   • Burden of proof
   • The prima facie case
3. What am I going to argue about?
   • The nature of propositions
   • The classification of propositions
   • Phrasing the proposition
   • Defining key terms
4. How do I analyze propositions?
   • Locating the immediate cause
   • Investigating history
   • Defining key terms and creating the primary inference
   • Determining the issues
5. How is a unit of argument created?
   • The Toulmin model of argument
6. How do I prove my argument?
   • The discovery of evidence
   • Types and tests of evidence
   • Recording evidence
7. How do I reason with my audience?
   • Argument from cause
   • Argument from sign
   • Argument from generalization
   • Argument from parallel case
   • Argument from analogy
   • Argument from authority
   • Argument from dilemma
8. What should I avoid?
   • Fallacies of reasoning
   • Fallacies of appeal
   • Fallacies of language
9. How are factual propositions argued?
   • Advocating propositions of fact
   • Opposing propositions of fact
10. How are value propositions argued?
    • The nature of values
    • Advocating propositions of value
    • Opposing propositions of value
11. How are policy propositions argued?
    • Advocating propositions of policy
    • Opposing propositions of policy

Appendix A: What are the rules of the game?

• Debate formats
• Speaker responsibilities
• Flow sheeting

Glossary

Index