Biology: Science for Life, 6th edition

Table of Contents

1. Can Science Cure the Common Cold?
   • Introduction to the Scientific Method
   • 1.1 The Process of Science
     • The Nature of Hypotheses
     • Scientific Theories
     • The Logic of Hypothesis Tests
   • 1.2 Hypothesis Testing
     • The Experimental Method
     • Controlled Experiments
     • Minimizing Bias in Experimental Design
     • Using Correlation to Test Hypotheses
   • 1.3 Understanding Statistics
     • What Statistical Tests Can Tell Us
     • Factors that Influence Statistical Significance
     • What Statistical Tests Cannot Tell Us
   • 1.4 Evaluating Scientific Information
     • Primary Sources
     • Information from Anecdotes
     • Science in the News
     • Understanding Science from Secondary Sources
     • Is There a Cure for the Common Cold?
     • Sounds Right, But Is It?
     • THE BIG QUESTION How do I know what to believe?
     • Review

UNIT ONE Chemistry and Cells

1. Science Fiction, Bad Science, and Pseudoscience
   • Water, Biochemistry, and Cells
   • 2.1 A Definition of Life
   • 2.2 The Properties of Water
     • The Structure of Water
     • Water Is a Good Solvent
     • Water Facilitates Chemical Reactions
     • Water Moderates Temperature
     • The Drinking-Water Hypothesis Requires More Substantiation
   • 2.3 Chemistry for Biology Students
     • Chemical Bonds
     • The Bermuda Triangle Revisited
   • 2.4 Biological Macromolecules
     • Carbohydrates
     • Proteins
     • Lipids
     • Nucleic Acids
     • Dietary Macromolecules and Behavior
   • 2.5 An Introduction to Evolutionary Theory
     • Sounds Right, But Is It?
     • THE BIG QUESTION Does balanced reporting help us draw more accurate conclusions?
     • Review
2. Is It Possible to Supplement Your Way to Better Performance and Health?
   • Nutrients and Membrane Transport
   • 3.1 Nutrients
     • Macronutrients
     • Micronutrients
     • Antioxidants
   • 3.2 Cell Structure
     • Plasma Membrane
     • Subcellular Structures
   • 3.3 Transport Across Membranes
     • Passive Transport: Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis
     • Active Transport: Pumping Substances across the Membrane
     • Exocytosis and Endocytosis: Movement of Large Molecules across the Membrane
     • Sounds Right, But Is It?
     • THE BIG QUESTION Should I routinely use detox products?
     • Review
3. Body Weight and Health
   • Enzymes, Metabolism, and Cellular Respiration
   • 4.1 Enzymes and Metabolism
     • Enzymes
     • Metabolism
   • 4.2 Cellular Respiration
     • Structure and Function of ATP
     • Cellular Respiration
     • Stages of Cellular Respiration
     • Metabolism of Other Nutrients
     • Metabolism without Oxygen: Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation
   • 4.3 Body Weight and Health
     • Body Mass Index
     • Underweight Is Unhealthy
     • Sounds Right, But Is It?
     • THE BIG QUESTION How unhealthy is anorexia?
     • Review
4. Life in the Greenhouse
   • Photosynthesis and Climate Change
   • 5.1 The Greenhouse Effect
     • Earth Is a Greenhouse
     • Water, Heat, and Temperature
   • 5.2 The Flow of Carbon
   • 5.3 Can Photosynthesis Slow Down Global Climate Change?
     • Chloroplasts: The Site of Photosynthesis
     • The Process of Photosynthesis
   • 5.4 How High Temperatures Might Reduce Photosynthesis
   • 5.5 How We Can Slow Global Climate Change
     • Sounds Right, But Is It?
     • THE BIG QUESTION Should global warming be kept below 4°C?
     • Review

UNIT TWO Genetics

1. Cancer
   • DNA Synthesis and Mitosis
   • 6.1 What Is Cancer?
     • Tumors Can Be Cancerous
     • Risk Factors for Cancer
   • 6.2 Passing Genes and Chromosomes to Daughter Cells
     • Genes and Chromosomes
     • DNA Replication
   • 6.3 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
     • Interphase
     • Mitosis
     • Cytokinesis
   • 6.4 Cancer Prevention, Detection, and Treatment
     • Tumor Suppressors Help Prevent Cancer
     • Cancer Detection
     • Cancer Treatment
     • Sounds Right, But Is It?
     • THE BIG QUESTION Can I prevent myself from getting cancer?
     • Review
2. Fertility
   • Meiosis and Human Reproduction
   • 7.1 Producing Sperm and Eggs: Meiosis
     • Interphase
     • Meiosis I
     • Meiosis II
   • 7.2 Problems with Meiosis and Lowered Fertility
   • 7.3 Bringing Sperm and Egg Together
     • Male Reproductive Anatomy
     • Female Reproductive Anatomy
     • Sounds Right, But Is It?
     • THE BIG QUESTION Does marijuana use impair fertility?
     • Review
3. Does Testing Save Lives?
   • Mendelian Genetics
   • 8.1 The Inheritance of Traits
     • Genes and Chromosomes
     • Producing Diversity in Offspring
   • 8.2 Basic Mendelian Genetics: When the Role of Genes Is Clear
     • Genotype and Phenotype
     • Genetic Diseases in Humans
     • Using Punnett Squares to Predict Offspring Genotypes
   • 8.3 Extensions of Mendelian Genetics
   • 8.4 Sex and Inheritance
     • Sex Determination and X-Linkage
     • Pedigrees
     • Sounds Right, But Is It?
     • THE BIG QUESTION Should there be universal screening for killer diseases?
     • Review
4. Biology of Wrongful Convictions
   • Complex Genetic Traits, Heritability, and DNA Profiling
   • 9.1 Eyewitness Testimony and Complex Genetic Traits
     • Polygenic Traits
     • Quantitative Traits
   • 9.2 Genes, Criminality, and Implicit Bias
     • Studying Nature versus Nurture
     • The Use and Misuse of Heritability
     • Implicit Bias
   • 9.3 Positive Identification
     • DNA Profiling
     • Polymerase Chain Reaction
     • Sounds Right, But Is It?
     • The Big Question Should the death penalty be abolished in the United States?
     • Review
5. Genetically Modified Organisms
   • Gene Expression, Mutation, Stem Cells, and Cloning
   • 10.1 Protein Synthesis and Gene Expression
     • From Gene to Protein
     • Transcription
     • Translation
     • Mutations
     • Gene Expression
   • 10.2 Producing Recombinant Proteins
     • Cloning a Gene Using Bacteria
     • FDA Regulations
   • 10.3 Genetically Modified Plants and Animals
     • Modifying Crop Plants
     • Modifying Animals
     • Gene Editing Using CRISPR in Plants and Animals
   • 10.4 Genetically Modified Humans
     • Stem Cells
     • Gene Therapy
     • Gene Editing in Humans
     • Cloning Humans
     • Sounds Right, But Is It?
     • THE BIG QUESTION Should anti-GMO activists give up the fight?
     • Review

UNIT THREE Evolution

1. Where Did We Come From?
   • The Evidence for Evolution
   • 11.1 What Is Evolution?
     • The Process of Evolution
     • The Theory of Evolution
   • 11.2 Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution
     • Early Views of Evolution
     • The Voyage of the Beagle
     • Developing the Hypothesis of Common Descent
     • Alternative Ideas on the Origins and Relationships among Organisms
   • 11.3 Examining the Evidence for Common Descent
     • Linnaean Classification
     • Anatomical Homology
     • Developmental Homologies
     • Molecular Homology
     • Biogeography
     • The Fossil Record
   • 11.4 Are Alternatives to the Theory of Evolution Equally Valid?
     • Weighing the Alternatives
     • The Best Scientific Explanation for the Diversity of Life
     • Sounds Right, But Is It?
     • THE BIG QUESTION Should high school biology teachers be required to "teach the controversy"?
     • Review
2. An Evolving Enemy
   • Natural Selection
   • 12.1 Return of a Killer
     • What Is Tuberculosis?
     • Treatment-and Treatment Failure
   • 12.2 Natural Selection Causes Evolution
     • Darwin's Observations
     • Darwin's Inference: Natural Selection Causes Evolution
     • Testing Natural Selection
   • 12.3 Natural Selection Since Darwin
     • The Modern Synthesis
     • The Subtleties of Natural Selection
     • Patterns of Selection
   • 12.4 Natural Selection and Human Health
     • Tuberculosis Fits Darwin's Observations
     • Selecting for Drug Resistance
     • Stopping Drug Resistance
     • Can Natural Selection Save Us from Superbugs?
     • Sounds Right, But Is It?
     • THE BIG QUESTION Should I stop purchasing meats that are raised using antibiotics?
     • Review
3. Understanding Race
   • Speciation and Macroevolution
   • 13.1 What Is a Species?
     • The Biological Species Concept
     • Speciation
     • Isolation and Divergence of Gene Pools
     • The Evolution of Reproductive Isolation
   • 13.2 Are Human Races Biological?
     • The History of Human Races
     • The Morphological Species Concept
     • Modern Humans: A History
     • Genetic Evidence of Divergence
     • Human Races Are Not Isolated Biological Groups
     • Human Races Have Never Been Truly Isolated
   • 13.3 Why Human Groups Differ
     • Natural Selection
     • Convergent Evolution
     • Genetic Drift
     • Sexual Selection
     • Assortative Mating
     • Sounds Right, But Is It?
     • THE BIG QUESTION Are affirmative action policies that favor black students applying for college admission good public policy?
     • Review
4. The Greatest Species on Earth?
   • Biodiversity and Classification
   • 14.1 Biological Classification
     • How Many Species Exist?
     • Domains of Life
   • 14.2 The Diversity of Life
     • The Domains Bacteria and Archaea
     • The Origin of the Domain Eukarya
     • The Protista
     • Kingdom Animalia
     • Kingdom Fungi
     • Kingdom Plantae
     • Not Quite Living: Viruses
   • 14.3 Learning about Species
     • Reconstructing Evolutionary History
     • The Greatest Species on Earth
     • Sounds Right, But Is It?
     • THE BIG QUESTION Should lab mice and rats have the same rights as other nonhuman animals?
     • Review

UNIT FOUR Ecology

1. Is the Human Population Too Large?
   • Population Ecology
   • 15.1 Population Growth
     • Population Structure
     • Exponential Population Growth
     • The Demographic Transition
   • 15.2 Limits to Population Growth
     • Carrying Capacity and Logistic Growth
     • Earth's Carrying Capacity for Humans
   • 15.3 The Future of the Human Population
     • A Possible Population Crash?
     • Avoiding Disaster
     • Sounds Right, But Is It?
     • THE BIG QUESTION Should the international community continue to provide food aid to populations experiencing food crises?
     • Review
2. Conserving Biodiversity
   • Community and Ecosystem Ecology
   • 16.1 The Sixth Extinction
     • Measuring Extinction Rates
     • Causes of Extinction
   • 16.2 The Consequences of Extinction
     • Loss of Resources
     • Predation, Mutualism, and Competition
     • Energy and Chemical Flows
     • Psychological Effects
   • 16.3 Saving Species
     • Protecting Habitat
     • Small Populations Are Vulnerable
     • Conservation Genetics
     • Protecting Biodiversity versus Meeting Human Needs
     • Sounds Right, But Is It?
     • THE BIG QUESTION Is wind power good or bad for birds?
     • Review
3. The Human Footprint
   • Climate and Biomes
   • 17.1 Climate Determines Habitability
     • Global Temperature and Precipitation Patterns
     • Local Influences on Climate
   • 17.2 Terrestrial Biomes and the Human Footprint
     • Tundra
     • Desert
     • Forests and Shrublands
     • Grasslands
   • 17.3 Aquatic Biomes and the Human Footprint
     • Freshwater
     • Saltwater
     • Sounds Right, But Is It?
     • THE BIG QUESTION Can my actions make a difference on global environmental issues?
     • Review

Appendix: Metric System Conversions