Creative Impulse: An Introduction to the Arts, 8th edition
Published by Pearson (February 1, 2008) © 2009
- Dennis J. Sporre Elon University
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The Creative Impulse introduces the arts of the Western tradition with a chronological organization. It covers a wide variety of subjects including painting, sculpture, architecture, theatre, music, dance, literature, and film, all in their historical context. Up-to-date material on modern artistic movements and achievements broadens the scope of the coverage. With an emphasis on formal analysis, The Creative Impulse helps students develop the skills and confidence they will need to respond to works of art throughout their lifetimes.
SPORRE, CREATIVE IMPULSE 8
Contents
Preface 11
Introduction
Understanding the Arts 13
GETTING STARTED 14
Two-Dimensional Art 14
Media 14 Composition 15
Techniques: Linear Perspective 16
Sculpture 17
Dimensionality 17 Texture 17
Techniques: Lost-Wax Casting 17
Architecture 18
Music 19
Genres 19 Melody and Form 19
Techniques: Musical Notation 19
Theatre 20
Genres 20 Plot, Character, and Visual Elements 20
Literature 20
Genres 20 Point of View, Character, and Plot 21 Theme and Language 21
Cinema 21
Dance 22
Genres 22 Line, Form, and Repetition 22
Features 22
Glossary and Dating 22 Pronunciation 23 Profiles 23 Technology 23 Masterwork 23 A Dynamic World 23 Maps and Timelines 24 Chapter Opener 24 Chapter Review 24 Cybersources and Examples 24
PUTTING THE ARTS IN CONTEXT 24
The Arts and Ways of Knowing 24
What Concerns Art? 25
Creativity 25 Aesthetic Communication 25 Symbols 26 Fine and Applied Art 26
The Functions of Art 26
Entertainment 26 Political and Social Commentary 26 Therapy 27 Artifact 27
Evaluating Works of Art 27
Approaches to Criticism 28 Making Judgments 29
1 The Ancient World 31
CONTEXTS AND CONCEPTS 32
Contexts 32
The Stone Age 32 Mesopotamia 33 Ancient Egypt 34
Concepts 34
Individuality and Symbols 34 Civilization 35 Religion 35
Technology: The Invention of the Wheel 35
Literacy 36 Law 37
THE ARTS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD 38
Painting 38
Sculpture 39
Masterwork: The Human Form 1: The Tell Asmar Statues 40
A Dynamic World: Ancient China 41
Profile: Akhenaton and Nefertiti 45
Architecture 46
Music 47
Dance 48
Literature 48
2 The Aegean and Archaic Greece 53
CONTEXTS AND CONCEPTS 54
Contexts 54
Minoans 54 Mycenaeans 56
Technology: The Olive Press 58
The Dark Centuries 58 The Hellenes 58
Concepts 59
The Polis 59 The Olympian Gods 60 “Love of Wisdom” 61
THE ARTS OF THE AEGEAN AND ARCHAIC GREECE 61
Painting 61
Geometric Style 61 Archaic Style 62 Red- and Black-Figure Pottery 62
Sculpture 63
A Dynamic World: Native America 63
Architecture 66
Music 67
Dance 68
Literature 68
Masterwork: Heroes 1: Homer, The Iliad 69
Profile: Sappho 70
3 Greek Classicism and Hellenism 75
CONTEXTS AND CONCEPTS 76
Contexts 76
The Persian War 76 The “Golden Age” of Pericles 77 The Peloponnesian Wars 78 The Hellenistic Age 79
Technology: Hero's Steam Turbine 80
Concepts 81
Historia 81 Sophistry 81 Stoicism and Epicureanism 82 Cynicism and Skepticism 82 Mystery Cults 82 Ethics 83 Aesthetics 83 Classicism and Hellenism 85
THE ARTS OF THE CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC AGES 85
Painting 85
Sculpture 86
Classical Style 86
A Dynamic World: The Nok Style of Africa 87
Masterwork: The Human Form 2: Myron, Discus Thrower 88
Late Classical Style 90 Hellenistic Style 92
Architecture 93
Theatre 98
Tragedy 98
Profile: Aeschylus 99
Masterwork: Heroes 2: Sophocles, Oedipus the King 101
Comedy 102 Theatre Layout and Form 103
Music 104
Dance 105
Literature 105
4 The Roman Period 111
CONTEXTS AND CONCEPTS 112
Contexts 112
The Etruscans 112 The Roman Republic 112 The Roman Empire 114
Concepts 117
Roman Law 117 Stoicism 117 Neo-Platonism 118 Divinities and Mystery Cults 118 Classicism 119 Utilitarianism and Pragmatism 120
THE ARTS OF THE ROMAN PERIOD 120
Painting 120
A Dynamic World: Chinese Painting 123
Sculpture 124
Architecture 126
Technology: Cement 129
Masterwork: The Dome 1: The Pantheon 130
Theatre 132
Comedy 132 Blood Sport 133
Music 133
Dance 134
Literature 134
Profile: Vergil 135
5 Judaism and Early Christianity 141
CONTEXTS AND CONCEPTS 142
Contexts 142
Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews 142
Profile: Solomon 146
The Late Roman Empire 146
Technology: Matches 147
Concepts 148
Judaism 148 Christianity 149
THE ARTS OF JUDAISM AND EARLY CHRISTIANITY 155
Painting 155
Judaism 155 Christianity 155
Sculpture 156
Late Roman 156 Early Christian 157
A Dynamic World: Shinto Sculpture in Japan 157
Architecture 159
Jerusalem 159
Masterwork: Buildings as Symbols 1: The Temple of Jerusalem 160
The Roman Empire 162
Music and Dance 165
Literature 165
The Hebrew Bible 166 Apocalyptic Literature 169 The New Testament 169
6 Byzantium and Islam 175
CONTEXTS AND CONCEPTS 176
Contexts 176
Byzantium 176 Muhammad and the Rise of Islam 179
Profile: Muhammad 180
Concepts 182
Orthodoxy 182 Islam 182 Intellectualism 183 Icons 184 Byzantine Cultural Influence 184
THE ARTS OF BYZANTIUM AND ISLAM 185
Painting, Mosaics, and Manuscript Illumination 185
Byzantium 185 Islam 188
Sculpture 189
Architecture 192
Byzantium 192
Technology: Spanning Space with Triangles and Pots 192
Masterwork: The Dome 2: Hagia Sophia 194
Profile: Anthemius of Tralles 195
Islam 197
A Dynamic World: Chinese Theatre 200
Theatre, Music, and Dance 201
Byzantium 201 Islam 201
Literature 202
Byzantium 202 Islam 203
7 The Early Middle Ages
The Monastic and Feudal Romanesque Period 209
CONTEXTS AND CONCEPTS 210
Contexts 210
The Middle Ages 210 The Medieval Church 211
Profile: Pope Gregory I, the Great 211
Charlemagne's Empire 212
Concepts 213
Monasticism 213 Mysticism 214 Asceticism and Sufism 215 Feudalism 215
Technology: The Viking Ships 217
The Carolingian Renaissance 218
THE ARTS OF THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 218
Painting 218
A Dynamic World: Igbo-Ukwu 220
Sculpture 221
Masterwork: Organizing the Image 1: The Bronze Doors of Hildesheim Cathedral 222
Architecture 226
Theatre 229
Music 229
Sacred Music 229 Secular Music 230
Profile: Hildegard of Bingen 230
Dance 231
Literature 231
Legends 231 Poets and Scholars 232
8 The High Middle Ages
The Gothic Age 237
CONTEXTS AND CONCEPTS 238
Contexts 238
The Social Order 238 The Hundred Years' War 240
Technology: A Better Horse Collar 240
The Plague 241 The Great Schism 241
Profile: Joan of Arc 242
The Crusades 243
Concepts 245
Chivalry 245 Secularism 245 Aristotelianism 246 Industrialization 246
THE ARTS OF THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES 248
Painting 248
Sculpture 253
Architecture 256
Masterwork: Buildings as Symbols 2: Chartres Cathedral 258
Theatre 262
A Dynamic World: Noh Theatre of Japan 263
Music 265
Dance 266
Literature 267
Religion 267
Profile: Geoffrey Chaucer 268
Profile: St Francis of Assisi 272
Secularism 272
9 The Early Renaissance 277
CONTEXTS AND CONCEPTS 278
Contexts 278
The Renaissance 278 The World Discovered 279
Technology: Flywheels and Connecting Rods 280
The Papal States 280 Italian City-States 280 The Quattrocento in Florence 282
Concepts 283
Humanism 283 Individualism 284 Scientific Naturalism 284 Capitalism 284
THE ARTS OF THE EARLY RENAISSANCE 285
Painting 285
The Masaccian Heritage 285 Lyricism 289
A Dynamic World: Chinese Painting and Music 291
Sculpture 292
Architecture 295
Masterwork: The Dome 3: Florence Cathedral 296
Theatre 298
Music 299
Dance 299
Literature 300
Profile: Niccolò Machiavelli 301
10 The High Renaissance and Mannerism 305
CONTEXTS AND CONCEPTS 306
Contexts306
The Expanding World 306 The Papal States 307 Spain's Golden Century 308
Technology: Leonardo: Turning the Screw 310
The Ottoman Turks 311
Concepts 311
Classicism 311 The High Renaissance 312 Mannerism 312
THE ARTS OF THE HIGH RENAISSANCE AND MANNERISM 313
Painting 313
The High Renaissance in Rome 313
Profile: Michelangelo 316
The High Renaissance in Venice 320 Mannerism 322
A Dynamic World: Painting in India 322
Sculpture 324
Masterwork: The Human Form 3: Michelangelo, David 325
Architecture 326
Theatre 330
Music 333
Sacred Choral Music 333 Secular Choral Music 334 Instrumental Music 335
Literature 335
11 Renaissance and Reformation in Northern Europe 341
CONTEXTS AND CONCEPTS 342
Contexts 342
The Reformation 342 Reformers 342
Profile: Martin Luther 344
Science 347
Technology: Naval Artillery 348
Concepts 348
Christian Humanism 348 Utopianism 349
THE ARTS OF THE RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION IN THE NORTH 349
Painting 349
Flanders 349 The Netherlands 351 Germany 353
A Dynamic World: Ming Dynasty Porcelain 357
France 357 England 358
Architecture 358
Theatre 358
Masterwork: Heroes 3: Shakespeare, Hamlet 360
Music 361
Flanders 361 Germany 363 France 363 England 363
Dance 365
Literature 366
12 The Baroque Age 371
CONTEXTS AND CONCEPTS 372
Contexts 372
The Catholic and Counter-Reformation 372 The Wars of Religion 374 The Scientific Revolution 374
Technology: Standardized Measurement 375
Concepts 377
Academicism 377 Scientific Rationalism 377 Social Contract 377 Absolutism 378
THE ARTS OF THE BAROQUE AGE 379
Painting 379
Italy 380 Spain 381 Flanders 382 France 383 The Netherlands (Holland) 384
Sculpture 387
Architecture 390
A Dynamic World: The Taj Mahal 390
Profile: Sir Christopher Wren 394
Masterwork: The Dome 4: St Paul's Cathedral 394
Theatre 396
Music 398
Instrumental Music 398
Profile: Johann Sebastian Bach 399
Vocal Music 400 Opera 401
Dance 403
Literature 404
Spain 404 England 404
13 The Enlightenment 409
CONTEXTS AND CONCEPTS 410
Contexts 410
The Enlightenment 410 Technology 412
Technology: James Watt and the Steam Engine 412
Economics and Politics 413
Profile: Maria Theresa 414
Concepts 415
Rationalism 415 Aesthetics 415 Humanitarianism 415
Profile: Voltaire 417
Classicism 418 Feminism 418
THE ARTS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT 419
Painting 419
Rococo Style 419 The English School 420 Genre 423 Neoclassicism 423
Masterwork: Organizing the Image 2: David, The Oath of the Horatii 424
Sculpture 425
Architecture 427
Theatre 430
Britain 430 America 430 France 431
A Dynamic World: Japanese Kabuki Theatre 431
Music 432
Pre-Classical Style 432 Expressive Style 432 Classical Style 433
Dance 437
Literature 438
Rococo 438 Neoclassicism 441 Humanitarianism 442 Feminism 442 Genre 443 Pre-Romantic 443
14 The Romantic Age 447
CONTEXTS AND CONCEPTS 448
Contexts 448
Technology 448
Technology: Exact Tolerance 449
Social Changes 449 The Victorian Age 451
Concepts 451
Marxism 451 Evolution 451 Idealism 452 Positivism and Materialism 452 Internationalism 452 Patronage 453 Romanticism 453
THE ARTS OF THE ROMANTIC AGE 454
Painting 454
Masterwork: Organizing the Image 3: Géricault, The Raft of the “Medusa” 455
A Dynamic World: Japanese Painting 457
Profile: Rosa Bonheur 459
Architecture 460
Theatre 460
Popularism and Historicism 462 Melodrama 463
Music 463
Lieder 463 Piano Works 464 Program Music 465 Symphonies 466 Trends 466
Choral Music 466
Profile: Johannes Brahms 467
Opera 468
Dance469
Literature 471
Romanticism in Europe 471 American Renaissance 475
15 Realism, Impressionism, and Beyond 481
CONTEXTS AND CONCEPTS 482
Contexts 482
European Migration 482 Workers and Socialism 483 The German Reich 484 A Scientific Explosion 484
Technology: Coca-Cola 485
Nietzschean Philosophy 486 Freudian Psychology 487
Concepts 487
Aestheticism 487 Functionalism 488
THE ARTS: REALISM, IMPRESSIONISM, AND BEYOND 488
Painting and Sculpture 488
Realism 488
Masterwork: Organizing the Image 4: Manet, Déjeuner sur l'herbe 490
Pre-Raphaelites 491 Impressionism 492
A Dynamic World: Japanese Painting 496
Post-Impressionism 497 Cubism 500 Mechanism and Futurism 502 Expressionism 502 Fauvism 503
Architecture 504
Profile: Louis Sullivan 506
Theatre 507
Realism and Naturalism 507 Symbolism 508 Aestheticism 508 Expressionism 508
Music 509
Impressionism 509 Naturalism 509 Nontraditionalism 510
Profile: Igor Stravinsky 511
Dance 512
Ethnic Foundations 512 Ballet 512 Modern Dance 514
Literature 514
Realism 514 Pre-Raphaelites 515 Naturalism 515 Impressionism 516 Symbolism 517 Futurism 517 Expressionism 517 Cubism 518
Cinema 518
16 Modernism 523
CONTEXTS AND CONCEPTS 524
Contexts 524
The Modern World in Conflict 524 Between the Wars 527 World War II 529 Science and War 531
Technology: Computers 532
Concepts 532
Pragmatism 532 Existentialism 533 Abstraction 533 Modernism 534
THE ARTS IN THE MODERN WORLD 534
Painting and Sculpture 534
Abstraction 535 Dada 535 Surrealism 536 American Painting 537
Profile: Georgia O'Keeffe 537
The Harlem Renaissance 539 Central American Painting 540 African and Primitive Influences 540
A Dynamic World: African Masks 540
Photography 542
Architecture 543
Masterwork: Buildings as Symbols 3: Wright, Kaufmann House 544
Theatre 547
Epic Theatre 547 Absurdism 547
Music 548
Modern Traditionalism 548 Departures 548 Jazz 550
Dance 550
Modern Dance 550
Literature 551
Modernism 551 The Chicago Renaissance 554 The Harlem Renaissance 555
Cinema 555
Europe 555 The Rise of the Studio 556 New Genres 556 Social Commentary 556
17 From Modernism to Postmodernism and Beyond 559
CONTEXTS AND CONCEPTS 560
Contexts 560
Decolonization 560 The Cold War 561 European Unification 562 Science and Liberty 562
Technology: Robots 562
Concepts 563
Postmodernism 563 Pluralism 563
THE ARTS FROM MODERNISM TO POSTMODERNISM AND BEYOND 564
Painting and Sculpture 565
Postwar Modernism 565
Masterwork: Organizing the Image 5: Frankenthaler, Buddha 566
Profile: Pablo Picasso 567
Postmodernism 577 Pluralism 585
Architecture 586
Postwar Modernism 586 Postmodernism 589 Pluralism 593
Theatre 593
Postwar Modernism 593 Postmodernism 594 Pluralism 596
Music 598
Postwar Modernism 599 Postmodernism 601
Profile: Richard Danielpour 602
Pluralism 603
Dance 605
Modern 605 Ballet 606 Postmodern 606 Pluralism 606
Literature 607
Postmodernism 607 Pluralism 608
Cinema 611
International Film and the Demise of the Studio 611 Pluralism 612
Glossary 614
Further Reading 622
Notes 624
Literary Acknowledgments 625
Picture Credits 626
Index 627
MAPS
1.1 Sites of prehistoric importance in Europe 33
1.2 The ancient Near and Middle East, showing peoples 34
2.1 The Aegean 55
3.1 Ancient Greece 77
4.1 The Roman Republic, 264—31 B.C.E. 114
4.2 The Roman Empire to 280 C.E. 115
5.1 Lands of the Bible, showing trade routes 143
5.2 The Roman Empire in the fourth century C.E. 148
5.3 The spread of Christianity 150
6.1 The empire of Justinian I, showing peoples 177
6.2 The Byzantine Empire, 1340—1403 179
6.3 The Byzantine and Islamic empires, 814 181<
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