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Discovering Arguments: An Introduction to Critical Thinking, Writing, and Style, 4th edition
Published by Pearson (January 10, 2011) © 2012
- William Palmer
Price Reduced From: $166.65
Details
- A print text
The argument rhetoric/reader that emphasizes style throughout.
Presenting a holistic view of content and style, this argument rhetoric, reader, and research guide helps students analyze and evaluate what they read, argue persuasively, and communicate more clearly than they ever have before. Students discover, internalize and apply at increasing levels of sophistication the impact of persuasive appeals (logos, pathos and ethos), the principles of critical thinking and the hallmarks of effective style through more than 200 embedded, guided activities directed at their own papers.
Preface
Chapter 1: Communication and Persuasion: Logos, Pathos, Ethos
Attention, Arguing, and Inquiry
What are arguments?
The process of inquiry
The paradigm shift
Communicating Clearly and Effectively
Sascha Redetsky, Don’t Judge Me by My Tights
Convincing Reasons and Evidence
Brian A. Courtney,Freedom from Choice
Writing Assignment: Personal Argument Essay
Finding your subject: Your writing situation
Two strategies for finding topics
Freewriting
Mapping
Rhetoric and Rhetorical Situation
Rhetorical situation
Kairos
Writing Persuasively
The Persuasive Appeals
Logos
Recognizing logos
S. I. Hayakawa, On Human Survivall
Noticing Overgeneralizations
Pathos
Recognizing pathos
Julia Kraus, If I Told You, Would You Want to Hear?
Humor as pathos
Ethos
Recognizing ethos
Elisabeth Bletsch, Will Part of You Be Left Behind?
Thesis Statements
Evaluating your thesis statement
Engaging Your Audience: Titles, Introductions, Conclusions
Features of good titles
Title strategies
Titles to avoid
Features of good introductions
Introductory strategies
Introductions to avoid
Features of good conclusions
Concluding strategies
Conclusions to avoid
Actively Reading An Essay
Sarah Krumrie, No, I Heard You–I Just Don’t Think It’s Funny
Margo Brines, Forgo the Major Dilemma
Sharing and Evaluating Essays
A Note on Defining Grammar, Mechanics, and Usage
A Critical Thinker’s Guide for Evaluating Writing
Interchapter 1: Style and Voice
Diction
Monosyllabic words
Multisyllabic words
Pretentious writing
Other Features of Diction
Specific or general
Concrete or abstract
Literal or figurative
Literal language
Figurative language
Avoid clichés
Precise words
Watch Out for Things
Voice
Tone
Analyzing attitude toward audience
Analyzing attitude toward subject
Sentence Tools
Simple sentences
Joining complete thoughts: coordination
Using semicolons to join complete thoughts
Using semicolons with formal transition words
Using Semicolons in a Complex Series
Solving Two Common Sentence Problems
Comma splices
Run-on sentences
Chapter 2: Strategies of Argumentation
Using Examples, Authorities, and Statistics
Examples and Illustrations
Writing Assignment: Illustration
Using Authorities
Using Statistics
Using Contraries
Using contradictions and paradoxes
Contradictions
Writing Assignment: Contradiction
Paradoxes
Paradox and tolerance for ambiguity
Either/or thinking
Writing Assignment: Paradox
The wisdom of contraries
Using Comparison
Organizing comparison: block and alternate patterns
Writing Assignment: Comparison
Using Refutation
Writing Assignment: Refutation
Using Induction and Deduction
Induction
Deduction
Using Narration and Description
Narration
Description
Using Analogy
Explaining the mind
Using Classification
Writing Assignment: Classification
Using Cause and Effect
Writing Assignment: Cause and Effect
Using Analogy
Explaining the Mind
Writing Assignment: Analogy
Using Humor
Humorous tone
Using Definition
Digging for roots of words
Writing Assignment: Definition Essay
Writing Assignment: Exploring an Essay
Exploring an Essay
Ashley Yuill, Choose Wisely
David Gessner, A Feeling of Wildness
Leonard Pitts, Jr.,Rejecting Feminism Makes No Sense
Dave Barry , Eat All That You Can Eat
Interchapter 2: Voice and Emphasis
Diction and Repetition
Repeating words for emphasis
Alliteration
Sentence Tools
Joining complete and incomplete thoughts: subordination
Colons and dashes and voice
Colons
Dashes
Using pairs of dashes
Italics (Underlining) and voice
Parentheses and voice
Fine-Tuning Sentences
Sentence fragments: pros and cons
Conciseness
Omit needless words
Omit needless words
Chapter 3: THE TOULMIN METHOD AND PROBLEMS IN REASONING
Using the Toulmin Method to Argue
Kinds of arguments–kinds of claims
Laws and policies
Reality, facts
Values, morals, taste
Warrants
Stating the warrant
Daniel May,Practicing the Toulmin Method of Arguing
Alyssa Huntoon, Toulmin Analysis of an Editorial Cartoon
Gregg Nelson, Why Single Out Cell Phones
Exploring an essay using the Toulmin method
Dave Eggers, Serve or Fail
Margo Brines , Exploring Dave Eggers’s “Serve or Fail” with the Toulmin Method
Writing Assignment: Exploring an Essay with the Toulmin Method
Kathleen Parker, Children Last
Jessica Peck Corry, Republican Moms for Marijuana:“Time to Legalize Is Now”
Mike Adams, Weak Negotiating Fathers
Problems in Reasoning
Finding the facts
Implications, Assumptions, and Inferences
Implications
Assumptions
Fallacies
Problems of Insufficient Evidence
Overgeneralizing
John Gray, Wallets and Purses
Card stacking
Ad ignorantium
Post hoc ergo propter hoc
Problems Based on Irrelevant Information
Ad baculum
Ad hominem
Fallacy of opposition
Genetic fallacy
Guilt by association
Ad misericordiam
Ad populum
Bandwagon
Plain folks and snob appeal
Ad verecundiam
Red herring
Weak opponent
Tu quoque
Oversimplification
Problems of Ambiguity
Amphibole
Begging the question
Equivocation
Loaded language
False analogy
Other Problems of Faulty Reasoning
False dilemma (either/or thinking)
Non sequitur
Rationalization
Reductio ad absurdum
Slippery slope
Interchapter 3: Strategies of Repetition
Sentence Tools
Parallelism
Anaphora
Epistrophe
The Power of Threes in Sentences
Susan Ager,Baby, Baby, Baby, 3 Has Its Charms
Using threes in sentences: rising order or not
Varying sentence beginnings: three ways
Using -ing phrases
Misusing -ing Phrases: Misplaced Modifiers
Using -ed or -en phrases
Using To phrases
Chapter 4: ROGERIAN ARGUMENT
Problems with the Argument Culture
Rogerian Argument
Common Ground
Advantages and Disadvantages of Rogerian Argument
Applying Rogerian Argument
Richard Selzer, Brute
Writing Assignment: Personal Essay Using Rogerian Argument
Student Model Paper
Critical Reading Strategies
Outlining and Summarizing
Writing Assignment: Using Rogerian Argument to Analyze Essays
Gary Steiner, Animal, Vegetable, Miserable
Student Model Paper
Readings for Rogerian Argument
Courtney E. Martin, The Undocumented American Dream
John Hawkins, 5 Reasons Illegal Immigrants Shouldn’t Be Given American Citizenship
Benjamin Could, Cognitive Enhancement on Campus: Taking Competition Seriously
Mitch Albom, The Real Tragedy of a Notre Dame Football Recruit’s Spring Break Death
Robert Voas, There’s No Benefit to Lowering the Drinking Age
John J. Miller, The Case Against 21
Maggie Gallagher, The Message of Same-Sex Marriage
Scott Seider and Howard Gardner, The Fragmented Generation
Interchapter 4: Style and CONTRARIES
Sentence Tools
Antithesis
Antithesis and balanced sentences
Loose and periodic sentences
Fine-Tuning Sentences
False starts
Active and passive verbs
Chapter 5: RHETORICAL ANALYSIS
What Is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Why Do a Rhetorical Analysis?
Guidelines for Exploring an Essay for a Rhetorical Analysis
Writing Assignment: A Rhetorical Analysis
Dennis Prager , Is America Still Making Men
Student Model Paper
Readings for Rhetorical Analysis
Charles M. Blow, Welcome to the Club
Mitch Albom, Don’t Shoot Holes in Gun Control Bills
Eve Ensler, The Power and Mystery of Naming Things
Anna Quindlen, Whoever We Are, Loss Finds Us and Defines Us
Leonard Pitts, Jr., Sept. 12, 2001: We’ll Go Forward from This Moment
A Call for Unity: Letter from Eight White Clergymen
Martin Luther King, Jr., Letter from a Birmingham Jail
Interchapter 5: Exploring Style
Presenting Yourself in E-Mail
Tools of Style
Guidelines for Writing an Essay to Explore Style
Exploring the Style of a Passage
Writing Assignment: Exploring the Style of an Essay or a Speech
Rick Reilly, The Swooshification of the World
Student Model Paper
Essays for Exploration
Anna Quindlen, Commencement Speech at Mount Holyoke College
Martin Luther King Jr.,I Have a Dream
Chapter 6: Visual Arguments
News photographs
Feature photography
Staged images
Documentary photographs
Writing Assignment: Photographs
essays exploring photographs
Like a photograph, a painting
Advertisements
Special Considerations for Exploring Ads
Student essays exploring advertisements
Writing Assignment: Advertisements
Cartoons
Cartoons and creativity
Creativity and humor
Serious cartoons
Editorial cartoons
Special Considerations for Exploring Cartoons
Writing Assignment: Cartoons
Student essays exploring cartoons
Film
Writing about a film
Writing Assignment: Film Review
Guidelines for Writing a Film Review
Before you do research
Finding and synthesizing sources
Student Film Review
Chapter 7: Critical Thinking about Poetryand Fiction
Reading and Writing about Poetry
Theodore Roethke,
The language of poetry
Emily Dickinson,A Narrow Fellow in the Grass
Elements of poetry
Diction
Imagery
Theodore Roethke,Cellar
Figures of speech: metaphors, similes, and symbols
Sylvia Plath, Metaphors
Tone
Speaker
Sound patterns
Structure
Line breaks
Reading Notebook
William Stafford,Traveling through the Dark
Writing Assignment: An Essay about a Poem
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
Student essay exploring a poem
Poems to Consider for Writing an Essay
Mary Oliver,The Summer Day
Ted Kooser,Splitting an Order
Kim Noriega , Heaven, 1963
Paula Sergi, Vocations Club
Jim Daniels, Work Boots: Still Life
Bruce Weigl, May
Thomas Lux,Upon Seeing the Ultrasound Photo of an Unborn Child
Anne Sexton, Red Roses
Langston Hughes, Mother to Son
Naomi Shihab Nye, Famous
Reading and Writing about Fiction
Stuart Dybek, Lights
Stuart Dybek, Maroon
Anne Caston, Flying Out with the Wounded
Elements of fiction
Plot and conflict
Character
Point of view
Setting
Moral issues
Writing Assignment: An Essay about a Story
Stories to Consider for Writing an Essay
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour
Raymond Carver, Popular Mechanics
Bonnie Jo Campbell, Shotgun Wedding
Stuart Dybek, Pet Milk
Chapter 8: Research Strategies
Research Writing Options
The report
The argument paper
It May Feel Like a Mountain of Information
Strategy One: Using Subject-Specific Encyclopedias
Preliminary reading and your research question
Strategy Two: Looking for Books
The library catalog
Critical thinking in a research notebook
Taking notes
Strategy Three: Looking for Articles
Using databases
Differences between magazines and journals
An advantage of journals
Newspaper articles and online archives
Divide your work into steps or phases
Look for the most recent sources first
Professional, technical, and specialty journals
Strategy Four: Government Documents and Statistics
Biographical sources
Book reviews>
Strategy Five: Doing Some Field Research
Guidelines for interviews
Writing Assignment: Research Proposal
Example of research proposal
Chapter 9: Evaluating Evidence
Scholarship and the Wikipedia Dilemma
Scott Jaschik, A Stand Against Wikipedia
T. Mills Kelly, Why I Won’t Get Hired at Middlebury
Research and the Internet
What Is a Reliable Site?
Criteria for Web sites
Who Is the Author?
Identifying authors
Watch out for false and impartial authorities
>Reliable Information: On the Web and Off
Context
Timely data
Documentation and credibility
Hoaxes and frauds
Understanding Evidence in Research Writing
Claim
Persuasive Appeals
Questioning evidence
Primary and secondary evidence
The weight of evidence
Remaining impartial
Information without attribution
Evaluating statistical data
Writing Assignment: Annotated Bibliography
Example of annotated bibliography
Going Beyond the Information Given
Nicholas D. Kristof, Save the Darfur Puppy
Writing Assignment: Exploring an Article by Doing Research from It
Lori Aratani, Teens Can Multitask, But What Are Costs?
Rob Stein, Premarital Abstinence Pledges Ineffective, Study Finds >
Gardiner Harris, Researchers Find Study of Medical Marijuana Discouraged
Chapter 10: Writing Your Reseach paper
Researchers as Writers
Working through your project
Discovering order
Shaping your thesis
Substantiating your data
Understanding your audience
Controlling your voice
Using tools of style
Using persuasive appeals
Taking your time
Using Sources: In-Text Citation
Using author’s name within a sentence
Using author’s name in parentheses
Using signal phrases with direct quotes
Using direct quotes for words, phrases, and sentences
How to use long quotes
Vary the way you use direct quotes
Using blended quotes within your own sentences
Commas and periods go inside quotation marks
Using colons and semicolons with quotation marks
Using single quotation marks
Using quotation marks around words used in a special sense
Using an ellipsis mark to indicate omission of words
Using brackets to add your own words in a quote
Using “sic” to indicate errors in quotes
When it is appropriate to use direct quotes
Common knowledge
Plagiarism, Summarizing, and Paraphrasing
Writing a Report
A model report
Organizing reports
The Formal Outline
The preliminary outline
The formal outline model
Apply What You Have Learned in Earlier Chapters
>Works Cited or References
The bibliography rule
A Model Argument Paper
Chapter 11: DOCUMENTATION: MLA AND APA
Guidelines for References in Your Text: MLA Style
Directory To MLA Works Cited Models
Book: MLA Basic Works Cited Model
Books: MLA Works Cited Models
Periodical: MLA Basic Works Cited Model
Periodicals: MLA Works Cited Models
Online Sources: MLA Works Cited Models
Other Sources: MLA Works Cited Models
MLA Guidelines for Manuscript Format
APA Style: Name and Date Method of Documentation
Guidelines for References in Your Text: APA Style
References List in APA Style
Directory to APA Works Cited Models
Book: APA Basic Reference Form
Books: APA Reference List Models
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