Foundations of Dual Language Instruction, The, 6th edition

Chapter 1 — National Unity and Diversity and the Languages We Speak

Introduction

Key Questions

Changing Demographics

      Immigration

      Immigration: A Historical Perspective

      Other Demographic Factors

      Implications for Teachers

A Changing National Narrative

      Unity, Diversity and Language

      Language Parochialism

      Language Elitism

      Language Restrictionism

Implications for Schooling

      Restrictions on Bilingual Programs

      Outcomes

Summary

Questions to Think About and Discuss

Activities

Suggestions for Further Reading

Web and Media Resources

 

Chapter 2 — Historical and International Perspectives on Language Education

Introduction

Key Questions

Historical Perspectives

      The Ancient World

      The Modern World

Dual Language Instruction in the United States: A History

      The Nineteenth Century

      The Twentieth Century

      Multilingualism in the U.S.: Looking Forward

Language Planning, Language Policy and Schooling

      Language Suppression

      Language Revitalization

Summary

Questions to Think About and Discuss

Activities

Suggestions for Further Reading

Web and Media Resources

 

 

Chapter 3 — Aspects of Language

Introduction

Key Questions

The Study of Language

What Is Language?

Subsystems of Language

      The Phonological System

      The Morphological System

      Syntax

      Semantics

      Pragmatics

      Other Aspects of Communication

      Implications for Teachers

Language Attitudes

      Are Some Languages Better Than Others?

      Are Some Languages More Expressive Than Others?

Language Varieties

      Standard

      Dialect

      Pidgins and Creoles

      Register

      Is It Slang?

More Than One Language

      What Is Bilingualism?

      Code-Switching

Bilingualism: A Handicap or a Talent?

      The Ebonics Debate

Language Loss

Summary

Questions to Think About and Discuss

Activities

Suggestions for Further Reading

Web and Media Resources

 

Chapter 4 — Language Development

Introduction

Key Questions

First Language Development: Memorizing or Hypothesizing?

      Rule Finding

First language Development and Comprehensible Input

      Child-Directed Speech

      The Social and Cultural Contexts of Language Acquisition

      Input Modification

      Order of Acquisition

      Children as Sociolinguists

Second Language Acquisition

      The Effect of Age

      The Effect of Personality

      The Social Factors

Integrative Models of Second Language Acquisition

      The Acquisition-Learning Distinction

      Language Learners and Language Speakers Interact

Summary

Questions to Think About and Discuss

Activities

Suggestions for Further Reading

Web and Media Resources

 

Chapter 5 — Dual Language Program Models

Introduction

Key Questions

What Is a Program Model?

Transitional Program Models

      What Is the Goal of a Transitional Program?

      Transitional Programs: A Lot Better Than Nothing

Maintenance and Enrichment Programs

Immersion Programs

      The Results of Immersion: The Canadian Experience

      Immersion Programs in the United States

Dual Language Instruction in Private Schools

Bilingual Teachers

Summary

Questions to Think About and Discuss

Activities

Suggestions for Further Reading

Web and Media Resources

 

Chapter 6 — Primary Language Instruction for English Learners

Introduction

A Rationale for Primary Language Instruction

      Transfer of Concepts and Skills

      How Does Transfer Work?

      Primary Language Development and Second Language Acquisition

      Students Need to Develop CALP

      Effects of Bilingualism on Achievement

      Primary Language Instruction and Self-Concept

Overall, What Does the Research Indicate?

If Primary Language Instruction, Then How?

      Separation of Languages

      Concurrent Translation

      Preview-Review

Summary

Questions to Think About and Discuss

Activities

Suggestions for Further Reading

Web and Media Resources

 

Chapter 7 — Second Language Instruction

Introduction

Key Questions

A Note About Terminology

Early Viewpoints on Second Language Instruction

            The Search for Alternative Approaches

Modern Approaches to Second Language Instruction

      The Audiolingual Approach

      Other Recent Approaches

Modifying Instruction for Second Language Learners

      Academic Language

      Linking Language to Content: A Rationale

      Linking Language to Content: How?

Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP)

Literacy and Biliteracy

      What is Literacy?

      Biliteracy

      How Can Teachers Support Biliteracy?

      Literacy and the Second Language Learner

      How Can Schools Promote Biliteracy?

Summary

Questions to Think About and Discuss

Activities

Suggestions for Further Reading

Web and Media Resources

 

Chapter 8 — Assessment and English Learners

Introduction

Testing Second Language Learners: General Issues

      Reliability

      Validity

      Content Bias

      Can You Eliminate Content Bias Using Translation?

      Construct Bias

      Procedure

      Norming

Language Proficiency

      What is Language Proficiency?

      Models of Language Proficiency

      Academic Language Proficiency

      How is Language Proficiency Assessed?

      Standards-based Language Proficiency Assessment

      The Need for Multidimensional Approaches to Assessment

Standardized Achievement Testing

Diagnostic Testing for Placement in Special Programs

Summary

Questions to Think About and Discuss

Activities

Suggestions for Further Reading

Web and Media Resources

 

Chapter 9 — Legal Foundations of Dual Language Instruction

Introduction

Key Questions

The Historical Context for Dual Language Instruction: World War II and Beyond

      World War II and Foreign Language Instruction

      World War II and Civil Rights

      Brown v. the Board of Education (1954)

Who Governs Education?

Federal Involvement in Education

      The Bilingual Education Act (Title VII)

      Discretionary Funding

      Title VII and Policy

      Lau v.Nichols (1974)

      Interpretation of Lau

      Effects of Lau

      Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974

      No Child Left Behind

      NCLB Funding

      NCLB Pros and Cons

State Laws Regarding Bilingual Education

Summary

Questions to Think About and Discuss

Activities

Suggestions for Further Reading

Web and Media Resources

 

Chapter 10 — Aspects of Culture

Introduction

What Is Culture?

What Are the Key Characteristics of Culture?

      Culture is Dynamic

      Culture is Creative

      Culture is Continuous

      Culture is Learned

      Culture is Shared

      Culture is a Struggle for Survival

How Is Culture Manifested?

      Clothing and Decoration

      Housing

      Time Orientation

      Spatial Orientation

Culture and Language

What is Multicultural Education?

What is the Connection Between Bilingual Education and Multicultural Education?

Summary

Questions to Think About and Discuss

Activities

Suggestions for Further Reading

Web and Media Resources

 

Chapter 11 — Culture, Schooling and Achievement

Introduction

Key Questions

Explaining the Achievement Gap: Four Approaches

      Genetic Inferiority

      Cultural Deficit

      Cultural Mismatch

      Contextual Interaction

      Status, Power and School Success

      Contextual Interaction as a Solution to Differential Achievement

What Teachers Can Do

Summary

Questions to Think About and Discuss

Activities

Suggestions for Further Reading

Web and Media Resources