Very Young Children with Special Needs: A Foundation for Educators, Families, and Service Providers, 5th edition

Published by Pearson (August 15, 2013) © 2014
  • Vikki F. Howard
  • Betty Fry Williams
  • Denielle Miller
  • Estee Aiken

Title overview

  • Throughout the text there is emphasis on five core philosophical themes: 1) cultural sensitivity, 2) family context, 3) collaboration, 4) advocacy, and 5) personalization of services. Themes enable readers to see the role of their services in the larger context of a child’s life.
  • Deeper understanding of children with exceptional needs with the coverage of typical child development unique to this text. Readers will become adept at comparing children with exceptional needs against normal developmental milestones.
  • Provides a greater understanding of the medical, genetic, and environmental factors that contribute to particular disabling conditions and the impact of disabilities on development.  Inclusion of medical information regarding the etiologies of various disabilities clearly explain assessment procedures, treatment options, and challenges.
  • Readers develop knowledge of how to work with exceptional students by studying the latest research, the most advanced perspectives, and the most recent theories and philosophies that are included throughout the text.
  •  A thorough introduction to emerging trends in the areas of personalization, relationship-based service, and evidence-based practice.
  • Case studies of very young children and their families, as well as real parent interviews are utilized as authentic examples throughout the text.
  • Updated demographics reflecting 2010 Census.
  • Updated information on autism.
  • New content on neuroscience-based learning.
  • Improvements in viability of low birth weight infants.
  • Advances in research and treatment for children with genetic disorders.
  • Results of CDC’s Early Hearing Detection and Intervention.
  • New evidence of the impact of the Great Recession and poverty on early childhood.
  • Updates on IDEIA Part C Regulations.
  • New information on working with children with challenging behaviors.
  • Updated guidelines for writing IEPs.

Table of contents

Preface

Part 1  Foundations

Chapter 1 Philosophy of Early Education                                                                

The Importance of an Attitude of Science    

What Is an Attitude of Science?   

The History of Disability Rights    

Individualization    

Inclusion    

Personalization    

What Is Meant by Personalization in Early Education and Intervention?    

The Implications of Personalization    

The Importance of Being Culturally Sensitive    

Population Trends    

Economics    

Family Composition    

Summary on Diversity    

The Importance of Serving Children in the Context of a Family   

What Is a Family?    

Empowerment    

The Importance of Working Collaboratively    

Close Up: The 2011 Annual Report of the Children’s Defense Fund

Teaming Models    

Collaboration in Early Intervention    

Infants and Toddlers with Disabilities: Relationship-Based Approaches

The Importance of Ethical Conduct and Advocacy   

Advocacy Issues    

How to Get Involved in Advocacy    

In Conclusion    

Study Guide Questions    

 

CHAPTER 2  Relationship-Based Teaming with Families                    

Close Up: Paraeducators in Special Education Programs

Relationship-Based Services to Families  

Facts Related to Understanding Families    

Parental Responses to the Diagnosis of a Disability    

Family Hardiness   

Barriers to Relationships    

Communication Between Parents and Professionals   

Active Listening    

Communicating Well    

Special Skills for Communicating with Parents at the Time of Diagnosis    

Conferencing with Parents    

Responses to Family Priorities    

Constraints and Conflicts    

Cultural Constraints    

Close Up: The Journey to Accepting Support

Formation of Collaborative Teams    

Teaming and IDEIA   

Responsibilities of Collaborative Teams    

In Conclusion    

Study Guide Questions    

 

Part 2  Human Development, Typical and Atypical

CHAPTER 3  Principles of Human Development                                      

Importance and Use of Knowledge of Human Development   

Prenatal Growth and Development    

Child Growth and Development    

Close Up: The Effect of War on Children in Iraq

Patterns of Growth    

Size    

Developmental Patterns   

Physical Growth    

Theories of Development    

Principles and Patterns of Development    

Infants Are Highly Competent Organisms    

Infants Are Socially Interactive    

Infants Are Active Learners   

Infant Development Is Multidimensional    

Developmental Sequencing Is Universal    

Skills Become More Specialized    

Plasticity Is a Phenomenon of Brain Development    

Critical Learning Periods Exist in Normal Development    

Infant Relationships Are the Key to Cognitive Development   

Children Undergo Several Transitions    

Individual Differences Exist Among Children    

Factors Influencing Development    

Family Structure    

Childcare    

Psychological Factors    

Education    

Culture    

Technology    

In Conclusion    

Study Guide Questions

    

CHAPTER 4  Human Development: Birth to Six                                        

Milestones of Development    

Motor Development    

Gross Motor Development    

Fine Motor Skills    

Language Development   

Language Form   

Morphological Development   

Language Content    

Language Use    

Factors Affecting Language Development    

Cognitive Development    

Theories of Cognition    

Social-Emotional Development    

Social Play    

Self-Help Development    

Independent Eating and Drinking Skills    

Dressing Skills    

Toileting Skills    

Personal Responsibility    

In Conclusion    

Study Guide Questions    

 

CHAPTER 5  Development and Risk During Prenatal, Natal, and Postnatal Stages                                                                                                   

Prenatal Growth and Development    

Effects of Prematurity on Body Systems    

Maternal Conditions Affecting Pregnancy Outcomes   

Preconceptual Maternal Conditions    

Prenatal Maternal Conditions    

Common Conditions of Gestation    

Maternal/Infant Natal Complications    

Prolapsed Cord/Entangled Cord    

Neonatal Conditions    

Hypoxic—Ischemic Perinatal Brain Injury   

Meconium Aspiration Syndrome    

Close Up: Why Does the United States Have Such a High Infant Mortality Rate?

Postnatal Conditions    

Prematurity    

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)    

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)    

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)   

Hyperbilirubinemia    

Neutral Thermoregulation    

Intraventricular Hemmorhage (IVH)    

Apnea of Prematurity    

Infections    

Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)    

Anemia    

Nutrition    

Failure to Thrive    

Intervention for Infants Born Prematurely    

In Utero Toxins and Pregnancy Outcomes    

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome    

Prenatal Exposure to Drugs    

Implications for Infants and Children Prenatally Exposed to Drugs    

Chemical Toxic Exposure in Fetal Environment    

In Conclusion    

Study Guide Questions    

 

CHAPTER 6  Conditions Affecting the Neurological Function   

Diagnostic Tools    

X rays   

Computerized Axial Tomography    

Magnetic Resonance Imaging    

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy   

Functional Imaging    

Ultrasonography    

Electroencephalography    

Neurological Disabilities    

Cerebral Palsy    

Seizures    

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)    

Traumatic Brain Injury    

Close Up: The Promise of Stem Cell Research

Congenital Physical Malformations    

Neural Tube Defects    

Microcephaly    

Hydrocephalus    

In Conclusion    

Study Guide Questions   

 

CHAPTER 7  Inborn Variations of Development                                    

Genetics    

Cellular Activity of Genetics   

Single Gene Disorders    

Chromosome Disorders   

Multifactorial Disorders   

Prenatal Testing    

Gene Therapy   

Genetic Variations in Development    

Cystic Fibrosis    

Close Up: Designer Babies

Down Syndrome    

Fragile X Syndrome    

Muscular Dystrophy    

Phenylketonuria    

Sickle Cell Disease    

Turner Syndrome    

Syndromes with Unknown Causes    

Autism Spectrum Disorder   

Tourette Syndrome    

Physical Anomalies    

Congenital Heart Defects    

Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate    

In Conclusion    

Study Guide Questions    

 

CHAPTER 8  Sensory Impairments and Infections                                 

Hearing Impairments   

Hearing Process   

Hearing Loss    

Identification of Hearing Loss    

Developmental Implications and Resolutions    

Informing and Working with Parents    

Visual Impairments   

Visual Process    

Causes of Visual Impairment    

Close Up: Childhood Epidemics of the 21st Century

Developmental Implications and Resolutions    

Informing and Working with Parents    

Infections in Early Childhood    

Bacterial Infections    

Viral Infections    

Meningitis and Encephalitis    

In Conclusion    

Study Guide Questions   

 

Part 3  Educational Programs and Services

CHAPTER 9  Discretionary Programs for Infants and Toddlers with Special Needs                                                                                    

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act: Public Law 108-446    

IDEIA, Part C Regulations    

Family-Centered Early Intervention   

Service Coordination    

Interagency Services    

Eligible Children    

Developmental Delay

Procedural Safeguards    

Assessment    

IDEIA Guidelines for Assessment    

Eligibility Determination    

Program Planning    

Close Up: Randomized Trial of Intensive Early Intervention for Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorder

Family Assessment    

Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) Development    

Selecting IFSP Family-Centered Outcomes

A Sample IFSP    

Effective Family-Centered Early Intervention    

Evidence-Based Practice    

In Conclusion    

Study Guide Questions    

 

CHAPTER 10   Mandated Services for Young Children  

A Change of Perspective    

Parent Rights and Responsibilities    

The Individualized Education Program    

Present Levels of Academic and Functional Performance   

Annual Goals and Short-Term Objectives    

Guidelines for Developing Good Objectives    

Special Education and Related Services    

Least Restrictive Environment    

Other Considerations    

Instructional Methods    

Experiences and Activities    

Generalization   

The Physical Environment    

Material Adaptations   

Data Collection and Evaluation    

Assistive Technology    

Close Up: The Changing Culture of Childhood: A Perfect Storm

Supplementary Aids and Services    

Challenging Behavior    

Creating Quality IEPS    

Best Practices in Preschool Intervention    

Successful Inclusion    

In Conclusion   

Study Guide Questions    

Glossary                                                                                                                                  

References

Author Index                                                                                                                                                           

Subject Index

Author bios

Vikki F. Howard began her career working with families with infants and toddlers in Eastern Ohio. Later she served as a Peace Corps volunteer in Jamaica, serving families with very young children and school aged children with disabilities. As a professor at Gonzaga University, Dr. Howard collaborated with Dr. Williams to develop an ECSE program. She is author of many articles, chapters and funded grants associated with infants, toddlers and preschoolers with disabilities and their families. Currently, she teaches at the University of Montana Western where she directs the special education program and collaborates with tribal colleges in Montana to deliver special education pre-service education.

Betty Fry Williams has over 30 years teaching in schools with very young children with disabilities and in higher education. She is professor of education at Whitworth University in Spokane Washington, where she chairs the Special Education program and teaches courses in early childhood special education. Her body of professional work reflect her interests in behavior analysis, methods of teaching infants, toddlers and preschoolers with disabilities and autism.

Denielle Miller retired from public school teaching after 25 years of serving children with special needs. She taught students ages 3-21. Denielle received her BS and MA from Montana State University-Billings. She is currently working for Side-by-Side K-12 Consulting and for the Office of Public Instruction as a consultant for the Montana Behavior Initiative (MBI) and Response to Intervention (RTI). In addition, she provides professional development to Headstart teachers on several of Montana's Native American reservations. Denielle trains and assists schools in setting up school-wide positive behavior interventions and supports and creating literacy rich environments. She is an adjunct professor in the special education department at the U of M Western.

Estee Aiken has worked in early childhood education for more than a decade across numerous states. She has spent the last five years educating pre-service teachers, predominantly in preparation for careers in the field of early childhood. In addition to her interest in the education of very young children, she also works with and conducts research with gifted children. Estee currently teaches in the Education Department at the University of Montana Western. 

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