BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I. AMERICAN SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY

1. Social Policy and the American Welfare State

2. A Brief History of the American Social Welfare State

3. Social Welfare Policy Research

4. Discrimination in American Society

5. Poverty in America

PART II. THE VOLUNTARY AND FOR-PROFIT SECTORS

6. The Voluntary Sector Today

7. Privatization and Human Service Corporations

PART III. THE GOVERNMENT SECTOR

8. The Making of Governmental Policy

9. Tax Policy and Income Distribution

10. Social Insurance Programs

11. Public Assistance Programs

12. The American Health Care System

13. Mental Health and Substance Abuse Policy

14. Criminal Justice

15. Child Welfare Policy

16. Housing Policies

17. The Politics of Food Policy and Rural Life

PART IV. THE AMERICAN WELFARE STATE IN PERSPECTIVE

18. The American Welfare State in International Perspective

DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I. AMERICAN SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY

1. Social Policy and the American Welfare State

Definitions of Social Welfare Policy

Social Problems and Social Welfare Policy

Social Work and Social Policy

Values, Ideology, and Social Welfare Policy

The Political Economy of American Social Welfare

The U.S. Economic Continuum

Keynesian Economics
Conservative or Free Market Economics

The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) • Democratic Socialism

The U.S. Political Continuum

Liberalism and Left-of-Center Movements
Classical Conservatives and the Far Right

The Welfare Philosophers and the Neoconservative Think Tanks

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Notes

2. A Brief History of the American Social Welfare State

Early Antecedents of Welfare Statism

Judeo-Christian Doctrine and Social Welfare

The English Poor Laws

The Poor in Colonial America

Social Welfare in the Civil War Era

Industrialization and the Voluntary Sector

Social Darwinism

Religion and Social Welfare

Charity Organization Societies

Settlement Houses

African American Associations

The Social Casework Agency

The Progressive Movement

The Great Depression and the Modern Welfare State

The Post-World War II Welfare State

The Languishing Social Welfare State

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Notes

3. Social Welfare Policy Research

A Proposed Model for Policy Analysis

Historical Background of the Policy

Problems That Necessitate the Policy

Policy Description

Policy Analysis

Researching and Analyzing a Social Policy Assignment

Social Policy Research and the Internet

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Notes

4. Discrimination in American Society

Discrimination

Racism

The Minority Middle Class

African Americans

The Demography of African Americans

African Americans in Poverty

The “Diswelfare” of African Americans

Hispanic Americans

Hispanic Poverty and Income

Diversity in the Hispanic Population

American Indians

Asian Americans

Immigrants and Immigration

Immigration-Based Discrimination in Europe

Women and Society

Violence and Sexism

The Feminization of Poverty

Myths around Women and Work

Income and Job Disparities between Men and Women

Day Care: A Barrier to Female Employment

Other Obstacles Faced by Working Women

Abortion and Women’s Rights

Gender Discrimination and Violence in an International Context

Gays and Lesbians: Two Populations at Risk

Gay Rights

Gays and Lesbians in the Military

Gay and Lesbian Family Life

AIDS and the Gay Community

Ageism

Elderly Poverty and Social Programs

Health Care and the Elderly

People with Disabilities

Legal Attempts to Remedy Discrimination

Desegregation and the Civil Rights Movement

Affirmative Action

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Notes

5. Poverty in America

Theories on Poverty

Culture of Poverty

Eugenics and Poverty

The Progressive Understanding of Poverty

Who Makes Up the Poor?

Measuring Poverty

Measuring the Depth of Poverty

Families and Poverty

Child Support Enforcement

Children in Poverty

Poverty and the Elderly

The Rural Poor

Work and Poverty

A Profile of the Working Poor

Why Are There Working Poor?

Underemployment and Unemployment

Dual Labor Markets

Wages and Poverty

Strategies Developed to Combat Poverty

IDAs

Three Approaches to Combat Poverty

America’s Fringe Economy

The Unbanked and the Functionally Poor

Credit and the Poor

Transportation in the Fringe Economy

World Poverty

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Notes

PART II. THE VOLUNTARY AND FOR-PROFIT SECTORS

6. The Voluntary Sector Today

Traditional Providers

The Independent Sector

Advancing Social Justice

The United Way

Elite Philanthropy

The Future of the Voluntary Sector

Commercialization

Faith-Based Social Services

Social Entrepreneurship

Issues Facing the Voluntary Sector

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Notes

7. Privatization and Human Service Corporations

Privatization Issues

Commercialization

Preferential Selection

Dual Levels of Care

Cost-Effectiveness

Oligopolization

The Challenge of Privatization

Unions and the Private Sector

Social Contributions of Business

Corporate Influence on Social Welfare Policy

The Future of Corporate Involvement in Social Welfare

Human Service Corporations

Consolidation and Growth in New Human

Service Markets

Nursing Homes

Hospital Management

Health Maintenance Organizations

Child Care 159

Home Health Care

Corrections

Public Welfare

Private Practice

The Future of Private Practice

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Notes

PART III. THE GOVERNMENT SECTOR

8. The Making of Governmental Policy

Technical Aspects of the Policy Process

A Critical Analysis of the Policy Process

The Policy Process

Social Stratification

Formulation

Legislation

The Fiscal Cliff and Sequestration

Implementation

Evaluation

Marginalization

Social Work and Advocacy Organizations

Advocacy Organizations and the New Policy Institutes

Political Practice

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Notes

9. Tax Policy and Income Distribution

History of U.S. Tax Policy

Federal Taxes

Taxes, Spending, and the Debt

Tax Policy and Special Interests

Income Distribution

State Tax Policy and the Poor

The Efficiency of Tax Policy in Reducing Poverty

Tax Expenditures as AntiPoverty Policy

The Anti-Tax Movement

The Debate over Economic Inequality

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Notes

10. Social Insurance Programs

Definition of Social Insurance

The Background of Social Insurance

The Financial Organization of Social Insurance

Key Social Insurance Programs

OASDI

Unemployment Compensation
Workers’ Compensation

The Social Security Dilemma

Arguments against the Current Social Security System

Arguments for the Current Social Security System

Social Security in Trouble

The Long-Term Prospects for Social Security

Medicare (Hospital Insurance and Supplementary Medical Insurance)

Lingering Problems in the Social Security System

Reforming Social Security

Privatizing Social Security

Pension Systems in Selected Industrialized Countries

Canada’s Retirement Income System

Retirement in the United Kingdom

The Chilean Experiment in Privatizing Social Security

Germany’s Social Security System

The Greek Pension System

The Australian Retirement System

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Notes

11. Public Assistance Programs

Assumptions and Myths about Public Assistance

Aid to Families with Dependent Children

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996

Has the PRWORA Worked • Teenage Pregnancy

Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

Problems in SSI

General Assistance

Trends and Issues in Public Assistance

The Transformation of Welfare Policy into Labor Policy

Welfare to Work (Workfare)

Welfare Behaviorism

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Notes

12. The American Health Care System

The Uninsured

The Organization of Medical Services

Major Public Health Programs: Medicare, Medicaid, and S-CHIP 250

Medicare

Medicaid

The Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP)

The Health Care Crisis

Overview of U.S. Health Care Expenditures

Explaining the High Cost of U.S. Health Care

Hospital Costs

Physicians’ Salaries

The Pharmaceutical Industry

Cutting Health Care Costs

Managed Care

The Underinsured

Gun Violence and Health Care Policy

The Debate around Gun Control

What Can Be Done

U.S. Health Care in International Perspective

Comparative Analysis: Health Care in Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia

Reforming U.S. Health Care

National Health Service

National Health Insurance

Incremental Reform

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (P.L. 111-148)

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Notes

13. Mental Health and Substance Abuse Policy

Mental Health Reform

The Community Mental Health Centers Acts

Deinstitutionalization

The Advent of Psychotropic Medication

The Psychopharmacological Scandal

Children’s Mental Health

Mental Health and Substance Abuse Funding

Parity for Mental Health Care

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Substance Abuse

Alcohol Abuse

Drug Abuse

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Notes

14. Criminal Justice

History of U.S. Criminal Justice

The Criminal Justice System

Juvenile Justice

The New Jim Crow

The War on Drugs

The Underclass and “Moral Poverty”

The Prison Industrial Complex

Legalization of Drugs

Police Violence

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Notes

15. Child Welfare Policy

History of U.S. Child Welfare Policy

Protective Services for Children

Foster Care for Children

Adoption

Head Start

Emerging Issues in Child Welfare

Day Care

Maternal and Child Health

Teen Pregnancy

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Notes

16. Housing Policies

Overview of Housing Legislation

The Federal Government and Low-Income Housing Programs

Issues in Housing Policy

Trends in U.S. Housing

Problems in Home Ownership

Homeownership and the Subprime Mortgage Crisis

The Downside of Homeownership

Problems in Finding Affordable Rental Housing

Gentrification

Overcrowded and Deficient Housing

Other Factors Affecting Housing

Homelessness

Characteristics of the Homeless Population

Trends in Homelessness

Attempts to Address Homelessness

Housing Reform

Housing in an International Context

Comparison of U.S. and European Housing

Public Housing

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Notes

17. The Politics of Food Policy and Rural Life

The Contradictions of American Food Policy

Hunger in the United States

Governmental Food Programs

SNAP (Formerly Called Food Stamps): A Description of the Program

SNAP: Who Is in the Program, and What Does It Cost?

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

Other Food Programs

Have the Food Programs Worked?

Farming in the United States

Governmental Farm Policies

Biofuels, Fracking, and Farming

The Face of U.S. Farming

Farmworkers

Issues in American Farming

The Corporatization of American Farming

Genetic Engineering

Global Trade

Food Safety

Local Selling

Organic Farming

Sustainable Development

Climate Change

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Notes

PART IV. THE AMERICAN WELFARE STATE IN PERSPECTIVE

18. The American Welfare State in International Perspective

Typologies of Welfare States

American Exceptionalism

The Welfare State in Transition

Ranking National Development

The Fourth World

Capability Poverty

International Aid

Global Capital

The Future

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Notes

Glossary

Index

American Social Welfare Policy: A Pluralist Approach, 8th edition

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