Clinical Phonetics, 5th edition

• About the Authors
• Preface

Chapter 1 Overview of Clinical Phonetics

• Welcome
• Clinical Phonetics
  • The Knowledge Domain of Clinical Phonetics
  • The Skill-Based Domain of Clinical Phonetics
  • Conclusion
• Chapter Summary Exercises

Chapter 2 Linguistic Phonetics

• Language, Speech, and Dialect
• The Morpheme
• The Phoneme
• Spelling versus Phonetic Transcription
• The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
• Phonemes and Allophones
• Phonetics and Phonology
• The Syllable
• Positional and Contextual Terminology for Phonetic Descriptions
• Conclusion
• Chapter Summary Exercises

Chapter 3 The Three Systems of Speech Production

• The Respiratory System
• The Laryngeal System
• The Supralaryngeal System
  • Velopharynx: Velum and Pharyngeal Walls
  • Jaw
  • Tongue
  • Lips
• Technologies for the Study of Phonetics
  • X-ray Imaging
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Electromagnetic Articulography
  • Ultrasound
  • Electropalatography
  • Fiberoptic Endoscopy
  • Aerodynamic Analysis
  • Acoustic Analysis
• Conclusion
• Chapter Summary Exercises

Chapter 4 Vowels: Monophthongs and Diphthongs

• Vowel Articulation
  • Tongue Height
  • Tongue Advancement (the Front–Back Dimension of Tongue Position)
  • Tenseness or Length
  • Lip Configuration
  • Vowel Description: Tongue Height, Tongue Advancement, Tenseness, and Lip Rounding
• The Front Vowels
  • Vowel /i/ (He)
  • Vowel /8/ (Hid)
  • Vowel /3/ (Chaotic—First Syllable)
  • Vowel /2/ (Head)
  • Vowel /q/ (Had)
• The Back Vowels
  • Vowel /u/ (Who)
  • Vowel /7/ (Hook)
  • Vowel /o/ (Hoe)
  • Vowel /9/ (Hall)
  • Vowel /e/ (Hot)
• The Central Vowels
  • Vowel /4/ (Hub)
  • Vowel /1/ (Above, Sometimes Called Schwa)
  • Vowel /6/ (Her)
  • Vowel /5/ (Mother, Sometimes Called Schwar)
• Diphthong Articulation
  • Diphthong /e]/ (Bye)
  • Diphthong /9]/ (Boy)
  • Diphthong /e[/ (Bough)
  • Diphthong /3]/ (Bay)
  • Diphthong /o[/ (Bow)
• R-colored Vowels
  • R-colored Vowel /e r/ (Far)
  • R-colored Vowel /9 r/ (Four)
  • R-colored Vowel /8 r/ (Fear)
  • R-colored Vowel /2 r/ (Fair)
• Special Notes on the Phonetic Properties of Vowels
  • Some Cautions about Vowel Terminology
  • Tongue and Jaw Interaction
  • Lip and Jaw Interaction
• Some Common Articulatory Modifications of English Vowels
  • Nasalization
  • Reduction
  • Other Modifications
• Allographs of English Vowels
• Frequency of Occurrence for English Vowels
• Vowels around the World
• The Acoustic Properties of Vowels
  • The Vocal Tract as a Resonator
  • Primary Acoustic Properties of Vowels
• Conclusion
• Chapter Summary Exercises

Chapter 5 Consonants

• Manner of Articulation
  • Stops
  • Fricatives
  • Affricates
  • Nasals
  • Liquids
  • Glides
• Place of Articulation
  • Bilabials
  • Labiodentals
  • Interdentals (or Dentals)
  • Alveolars
  • Palatals
  • Velars
  • Glottals
• The Voicing Contrast
• Summary of Manner, Place, and Voicing
  • Manner of Articulation
  • Place of Articulation and Voicing
• Allographs of the Consonant Phonemes of English
• Frequency of Occurrence and Place of Articulation
• Summary Classification of Consonants
• Consonant Acoustics
  • Acoustic Features of Consonant Classes
  • Sounds in Sequence
• Conclusion
• Chapter Summary Exercises

Chapter 6 Suprasegmentals and Prosody

• The Units of Prosody
  • Syllables
• The Prosodic Foot
  • The Intonational Phrase
  • Intonation
• Stress
  • Lexical Stress
  • Stress beyond the Word Level
• Timing
  • Tempo
  • Pause (Juncture)
  • Boundary or Edge Effects
• Timing, Juncture, and Intonation Symbols
  • Lengthened [s iQ]
  • Shortened [w i W]
  • Close Juncture [e] d 8 d 8 t]
  • Open Juncture [1 n e] s + m q n] versus [1 n + e] s m q n]
  • Internal Open Juncture [l 2 t s h 2 l p R j 3] n]
  • Falling Terminal Juncture [t 7 d 3] T]
  • Rising Terminal Juncture [t 7 d 3] Y]
  • Checked or Held Juncture [t 7 d 3] U]
  • Selected Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet
• Paralinguistics
• Examples of Prosodic Variations
  • Motherese
  • Clear Speech
  • Other Prosodic Variations
• Role of Prosody in Typical and Atypical Development of Speech and Language
• Clinical Assessment of Suprasegmentals
  • Prosody Profile (PROP)
  • Prosody-Voice Screening Profile (PVSP)
• Profiling Elements of Prosodic Systems—Child Version (PEPS-C)
• Conclusion
• Chapter Summary Exercises

Chapter 7 Narrow Transcription

• Coarticulation
• Uses of Narrow Transcription
• Conventions for Diacritic Marks in This Text
• Onglide and Offglide Symbols
• Nasal Symbols
  • Nasalized [b q! d]
  • Nasal Emission [s@ m e] l]
  • Denasalized [r q# n]
• Lip Symbols
  • Rounded (or Protruded) Vowel [s w i$ t]
  • Unrounded (or Unprotruded) Vowel [h u% ]
  • Labialized Consonant [k^ w i n]
  • Nonlabialized Consonant [w& i d]
  • Inverted Lip [b* i n]
• Tongue Symbols
  • Dentalized [w 8 dI ']
  • Palatalized [sO i l]
  • Lateralized [sP l i p]
  • Retroflex (or Rhotacized) [h e r c{ 5]
  • Velarized [f i l}]
  • Fronted or Advanced [p e E t]
  • Retracted [b qA t]
  • Raised [b 2F d]
  • Lowered [h 2G d]
  • Derhotacized [rK 2 d]
• Sound Source Symbols
  • Partially Voiced [q b sL 1 n t]
  • Partially Devoiced [d 9 g:]
  • Glottalized (or Creaky Voice) [b e" k s]
  • Breathy (or Murmured) [p l 3Z] 8 a]
  • Whistled (or Hissed) [sC i]
  • Trilled [th rV e]]
• Syllabic Symbol
• Stop Release Symbols
  • Aspirated [t( e p]
  • Unaspirated [s t) e p]
  • Unreleased [l q p_]
  • Frictionalized (or Spirantized) [s tX e p]
• Other Symbols
  • Synchronic Tie [d+z u]
  • Unintelligible Syllable [\]
  • Questionable Segment e| or =|
• Conclusion
• Chapter Summary Exercises

Chapter 8 Practicing Broad and Narrow Phonetic Transcription of Children’s Speech

• Part A: Transcription of Vowel Sound Changes
  • Background Information
  • Training Modules
    • Vowels Module 1: Vowel Substitutions
    • Vowels Module 2: Vowel Modifications
    • Vowels Module 3: Central Vowels
  • Vowels Module 4: Vowel Substitutions, Modifications, and Central Vowels
  • Vowels Module 5: Vowel Additions
  • Vowels Module 6: Vowel Lengthening
  • Vowels Module 7: Vowel Nasalization
  • Vowels Module 8: Summary Quiz
• Part B: Transcription of Stop Sound Changes
  • Background Information
    • Description of Stops
  • Training Modules
    • Stops Module 1: Stop Substitutions
    • Stops Module 2: Voicing of Voiceless Stops
    • Stops Module 3: Devoicing of Voiced Stops
    • Stops Module 4: Glottal Stop Substitutions
    • Stops Module 5: Stop Deletions
    • Stops Module 6: Frictionalized Stops
    • Stops Module 7: Summary Quiz
• Part C: Transcription of Nasal Sound Changes
  • Background Information
    • Description and Distribution of Nasals
  • Training Modules
    • Nasals Module 1: Nasal Deletions
    • Nasals Module 2: Summary Quiz
• Part D: Transcription of Fricative and Affricate Sound Changes
  • Background Information
    • Description of Fricatives
    • Distribution and Frequency of Occurrence of Fricatives
  • Training Modules
    • Overview
    • Fricatives and Affricates Module 1: /f/ and /v/ Changes
    • Fricatives and Affricates Module 2: /h/ Deletions
    • Fricatives and Affricates Module 3: Voiceless and Voiced Interdental Changes
    • Fricatives and Affricates Module 4: Fricative and Affricate Voicing Changes
    • Fricatives and Affricates Module 5: Fricative and Affricate Substitutions
    • Fricatives and Affricates Module 6: Dentalized Sibilants
    • Fricatives and Affricates Module 7: Lateralized Sibilants
    • Fricatives and Affricates Module 8: Retroflexed and Palatalized Sibilants
    • Fricatives and Affricates Module 9: Sibilants Quiz
    • Fricatives and Affricates Module 10: Summary Quiz
• Part E: Transcription of Glide and Liquid Sound Changes
  • Background Information
    • Description of Glides and Liquids
    • Distribution and Frequency
  • Training Modules
    • Glides and Liquids Module 1: Glide Changes
    • Glides and Liquids Module 2: /l/ Substitutions
    • Glides and Liquids Module 3: Velarized /l/
    • Glides and Liquids Module 4: Derhotacized /r/, /6/, /5/
    • Glides and Liquids Module 5: /r/ Quiz
    • Glides and Liquids Module 6: Velarized /r/
    • Glides and Liquids Module 7: Summary Quiz
  • Grand Quiz

Chapter 9 Preparing to Collect and Transcribe Clinical Speech Samples

• Eliciting and Recording Speech Samples
  • Eliciting the Sample
  • The Recording Environment
  • Recording Equipment
• Factors that Influence Scoring and Transcription
  • Client Factors
  • Task Factors
• Approaches to Clinical Transcription and Scoring
  • Transcription and Scoring Systems
  • What Level of Detail Should Be Represented?
• The Process of Scoring or Transcription
  • Should I Use Video Recording?
  • Should I Use Headphones?
  • Should I Preview the Recording?
  • What if I’m Not Sure What I’m Hearing?
  • How Many Times Should I Listen?
  • What Are Some Strategies for Difficult Words?
  • Some Final Suggestions
• Conclusion

Chapter 10 Phonetics in the Clinical Setting

• Single-Word Tests of Articulation and Phonology
• Transcribing Nonwords
• Two-Way Scoring and Deep Testing
• Two-Way Scoring in Larger Speech Samples
  • Scoring /s/ in Continuous Speech
  • Scoring Rhotics in Continuous Speech
• Transcription in Larger Speech Samples
  • Transcribing Imitated Phrases
  • Transcribing Read Sentences
  • Transcribing All Sounds in Continuous Speech
• Transcribing Children with Motor Speech Disorders
• Motor Speech Disorders: Imitated Single Words
  • Motor Speech Disorders: Imitated Words in Phrases
  • Motor Speech Disorders: Imitated Sentences
  • Motor Speech Disorders: Conversational Speech
• Conclusion

Chapter 11 Phonetic Variation

• Part A: Phonetic Aspects of Dialect Variation
  • What is Phonetic Variation?
  • Dialect as a Source of Phonetic Variation
    • Studying Dialect
    • Is There a Standard Dialect?
    • Why Do Dialects Differ?
    • Difference versus Disorder
• Part B: Regional Dialects of American English
  • Southern Dialect Region
    • Location
    • Major Features
  • Western Dialect Region
    • Location
    • Major Features
  • Midlands Dialect Region
    • Location
    • Major Feature
  • Northern Dialect Regions
    • Location
    • Major Features
  • Dialects of the Northeastern United States
    • Location
    • Major Features
  • Practice Discriminating Regional Variation in Vowels
  • Regional Variation in Consonants
  • International Englishes
• Part C: Beyond Regional Dialects
  • African American English
    • Origins of AAE
    • Features of AAE
  • L1-Influenced English
    • Working with Speakers from Unfamiliar Language Backgrounds
    • Spanish-Influenced English
    • Features of Spanish-Influenced English
  • Conclusion
  • Further Reading
  • Other Resources

• Transcription Exercises

APPENDICDES

1. Phonetics Symbols and Terms
2. Distributional, Structural, and Proportional Occurrence Data for American English Sounds, Syllables, and Words

Glossary

Answers to Exercises

References

Index