Crime Control in America: What Works?, 4th edition

PART 1: INTRODUCTION

• Chapter 1: Identifying and Evaluating Crime Control
  • Crime Control and Prevention
  • The Crime Problem in America
    • Types of Crimes
    • The Ever-Expanding Criminal Law
    • Incidence of Crime
    • Costs of Crime and Criminals
    • Is Fear of Crime Worse Than Crime Itself?
  • Approaches, Not Just Policies
    • Laws
    • Official Policies, Written and Unwritten
    • Unofficial Approaches
  • On the Importance of Definitions
    • Defining the Crime Problem
    • Defining the Solution
    • Defining the Desired Outcome
  • Evaluating Success: An Impossible Task?
    • The Hard and Soft Sciences
    • The Elusive Criminal Justice Experiment
    • You Can Prove Anything with Statistics
    • Qualitative and Quantitative Research
    • Macro- and Micro-Level Crime Control
  • Displacement and Diffusion
    • Measuring Displacement and Diffusion
  • The Tentative Nature of Scientific Knowledge
    • The Measures Used
    • When New Data Become Available
    • Alternative Settings: The Generalization Problem
    • Other Concerns
  • Funding and Political Priorities
    • Academic Crusaders and Bandwagon Science
  • Evidence-Based Justice
    • Effective Does Not Always Mean Best
  • A Preview of the Book
    • Guns and Drugs: The Real Attention Getters
  • Summary
  • Notes
• Chapter 2: Crime Control Perspectives
  • Operational Perspectives
    • Due Process and Crime Control
    • Due Process Values
    • Crime Control Values
  • System and Nonsystem
    • A Well-Oiled Machine?
    • A Disorganized Mess?
    • The Funnel Model of Justice
    • The Criminal Justice Wedding Cake
  • Political Perspectives
    • Liberals and Conservatives
    • Causes of Crime
    • Consequences of Crime for Society
    • What Should Be Done About Crime?
    • Consensus and Conflict
    • Causes of Crime
    • Consequences of Crime for Society
    • What Should Be Done About Crime?
  • Other Perspectives
    • Faith and Fact
    • Crime Control and Revenue Generation
    • Politics and Ivory Towers
  • Goals of Crime Control
    • Deterrence
    • General and Specific Deterrence
    • Absolute and Marginal Deterrence
    • The Limitations of Deterrence
    • Retribution
    • The Limitations of Retribution
    • Incapacitation
    • The Limitations of Incapacitation
    • Rehabilitation
    • The Limitations of Rehabilitation
    • Goals of Crime Control Compared
  • Summary
  • Notes

PART 2: LAW ENFORCEMENT APPROACHES

• Chapter 3: Traditional Policing
  • The Theory of Traditional Policing
  • Does Hiring More Cops Reduce Crime?
    • Reasons Why Hiring More Cops Might Not Reduce Crime
    • Lessons from Kansas City
    • Misinterpretations
    • Criticisms
    • The Post—Kansas City Intellectual Debate
    • The Violent Crime Control Act of 1994
    • What Happens When the Police Go on Strike?
    • De-Policing and the Alleged “Ferguson Effect”
    • A Very Thin Blue Line: Is There Really a Police Presence?
    • What Are They Doing on the Job?
    • Does It Work?
  • Freeing up Resources
    • One- versus Two-Officer Patrols
    • 311
    • Patrol Downtime Studies
    • Does It Work?
  • Reactive Policing and Random Patrol
    • Reactive Policing
    • Domestic Violence Arrests
    • Rapid Response
    • Random Patrol
    • Does It Work?
  • Detective Work and Crime
    • The RAND Study
    • Recent Developments
    • Does It Work?
  • Private Policing
    • Private Security versus Private Policing
    • Controversies in Private Policing
    • Does It Work?
  • College Degrees for Cops
    • Does It Work?
  • Summary
  • Notes
• Chapter 4: Proactive Policing, Directed Patrol, and Recent Advancements
  • Proactive Arrests
    • Proactive Arrests for High-Risk Repeat Offenders
    • Proactive Arrests for Specific Offenses
    • Targeting Drug Offenders
    • Targeting Drunk Drivers
    • Targeting Immigrants
    • Does It Work?
  • Directed Patrol
    • Classic Studies
    • Lawrence Sherman and the Hot Spots
    • Directed Patrol of Drug Hot Spots
    • Directed Patrol of Gun Violence Hot Spots
    • Stop, Question, and Frisk
    • Stop, Question, and Frisk: Effects on Crime
    • Does It Work?
  • Broken Windows and Disorder Reduction
    • Fear, Disorder, and Crime
    • Quality-of-Life Policing
    • Micro-Level Research
    • Macro-Level Research
    • Disorder Reduction
    • Missing the Boat on Broken Windows
    • Does It Work?
  • Focused Deterrence
    • Group Violence Reduction
    • Does It Work?
  • Partnering
    • Police—Corrections Partnerships
    • What Does the Research Show?
    • Multijurisdictional Drug Task Forces
    • Military Partnerships and Militarization
    • The Police—Military Connection
    • Police Paramilitary Units
    • Does It Work?
  • Technology and Less-Lethal Weapons
    • Safely Ending Pursuits
    • Crime Detection Devices
    • Less-Lethal Weapons
    • Conducted Energy Devices
    • Does It Work?
  • Using Data to Inform Decisions
    • COMPSTAT
    • Fusion Centers and Intelligence-Led Policing
    • Predictive Policing
    • Does It Work?
  • Summary
  • Notes
• Chapter 5: Community Involvement in Policing
  • Fixing Strained Police-Community Relations
    • Procedural Justice
    • The President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing
  • Community Justice
    • Problem-Oriented Policing
  • Community Policing: Some History
    • Reasons for Community Policing
  • Community Policing: What Is It?
    • The Definition Problem Rears Its Head
  • Community Policing: Is It Really Happening?
    • Structural Change
    • Attitudinal Change
  • Research on Community Policing Effectiveness
    • Moving the Police into the Community
    • Citizen Contact Patrol
    • Improving the Police Image
    • Organizing Neighborhood Watch Programs
    • Hosting Community Meetings
    • Disseminating Crime Control Newsletters
    • Storefronts and Substations
    • Specialized Patrols
    • Operation Identification
    • Police-Sponsored Television and Websites
    • Police in Schools
    • Does It Work?
    • Integrated Community Policing
    • The Seattle Approach
    • The Hartford Approach
    • Does It Work?
    • Bringing the Community to the Police
    • Citizen Patrol
    • Citizen Police Academies
    • Does It Work?
  • Third-Party Policing
    • Beyond the Criminal Law
    • Some Examples of Third-Party Policing
    • Does It Work?
  • Summary
  • Notes
• Chapter 6: Prosecutors and Crime Control
  • Prosecutors
  • The Shift Toward Strategic Prosecution
  • The Harder Side of Prosecution
    • No-Drop Prosecution Policies
    • Juvenile Waiver
    • Raising the Age of Majority: A Retreat from Waiver?
    • Police—Prosecution Partnerships
    • Partnering to Reduce Gun Violence
    • Federal—State Partnerships
    • Richmond’s, Virginia, Project Exile
    • Texas Exile
    • Project Safe Neighborhoods
    • Cross-Designation
    • Does It Work?
  • The Softer Side of Prosecution
    • Victim Assistance
    • Community Prosecution
    • The Structure of Community Prosecution
    • Nontraditional Restraining Orders
    • Code Enforcement
    • Nuisance Abatement
    • Forfeiture
    • Community Prosecution Research
    • Deferred Prosecution
    • Deferred Sentencing
    • Does It Work?
  • A Plea Bargaining Pandemic?
    • Arguments for and Against Plea Bargaining
    • Attempts to Limit Plea Bargaining
    • Ad Hoc Plea Bargaining
    • Does It Work?
  • Summary
  • Notes

PART 3: LEGISLATION, COURTS, AND CORRECTIONS

• Chapter 7: Crime Control Through Legislation
  • Legislative Bans
    • Where There’s a Demand, There’s a Supply
    • Historical Lessons
    • Gambling and Prostitution
    • Prohibition
    • Bans and Their Enforcement
    • Gun Bans
    • Ban Specific Guns and Gun Possession
    • Drug Bans
    • The Scope of America’s Drug Problem
    • Drug Ban Problems
    • Does It Work?
  • Legislative Gun Controls
    • Altering Gun Designs
    • Regulating Gun Transactions
    • Denying Gun Ownership to Dangerous Persons
    • Buybacks
    • The Right-to-Carry Controversy
    • Concealed Carry Laws
    • Does It Work?
  • Public Notification and Related Laws
    • Megan’s Law
    • Legal Issues
    • Effects on Crime
    • Punitive Sanctions for Sex Offenders
    • Sex Offender Residency Restrictions
    • Does It Work?
  • Other Legislative Approaches
    • White-Collar Crime Laws
    • Does It Work?
    • Antiterrorism Laws
    • The USA Patriot Act
    • The USA Freedom Act
    • Does It Work?
  • Summary
  • Notes
• Chapter 8: Crime Control in the Courts and Beyond
  • Courts and Incapacitation
    • Pretrial Incapacitation
    • Preventive Detention
    • Setting Bail at a High Level
  • Does It Work?
  • Diversion
    • Examples of Programmatic Diversion
    • Diversion Evaluations
  • Does It Work?
  • Shaming
    • A Brief History of Shaming
    • Examples of Shaming Penalties
    • Public Exposure Penalties
    • Debasement Penalties
    • Apology Penalties
    • Reverse Burglary?
    • Criticisms of Shaming
    • Braithwaite’s Reintegrative Shaming
    • Shaming and Recidivism
  • Does It Work?
  • Restorative Justice
    • Examples of Restorative Justice
    • What the Research Shows
  • Does It Work?
  • Antigang Injunctions
  • Does It Work?
  • Problem-Solving Courts
    • Drug Courts
    • Possible Limitations of Drug Courts
    • The Empirical Evidence
    • Domestic Violence Courts
    • Therapeutic Jurisprudence
    • A Domestic Violence Court in Operation
    • The Evidence
    • Community Courts
    • The Midtown Community Court
    • The Research
    • Teen Courts
    • Other Specialized Courts
    • Homeless Courts
    • Mental Health Courts
    • Reentry Courts
  • Does It Work?
  • Summary
  • Notes
• Chapter 9: Sentencing
  • Nonprison Sentences
    • Traditional Fines
    • Day Fines
    • Fees
    • Forfeiture
    • Restitution
    • Does It Work?
  • Types of Prison Sentences
  • Prison Strategies Without Regard to Sentence Length
    • Selective Incapacitation
    • Civil Commitment
    • More Prisoners, Less Crime?
    • Less Prisoners, More Crime?
  • Supermax Prisons
    • Does It Work?
  • Does Sentence Length Matter?
    • Thinking About Various Types of Offenders
    • Can Incarceration Cause Crime?
    • Sentence Length and Crime
    • Does It Work?
  • Determinate Sentencing
    • The Hydraulic Displacement of Discretion
    • Impact on Prison Populations
    • Impact on Crime
    • Does It Work?
  • Sentence Enhancements
    • Sentence Enhancements for Guns
    • More on Deterrence
    • More on Incapacitation
    • State-Specific Research
    • Multisite Research
    • Sentence Enhancements for Hate-Motivated Offenses
    • Does It Work?
  • Mandatory Sentencing
    • A Life of Their Own?
    • Mandatory Sentences for Drug Offenders
    • Mandatory Sentences for Drunk Driving
    • Mandatory Sentences for Persistent Offenders
    • Three-Strikes Legislation
    • The Supporters
    • The Critics
    • Some Legislative Details
    • To Deter or Not To Deter
    • Deterrence and Incapacitation
    • Variations in Enforcement
    • The Research
    • Mandatory Death Sentences?
    • Does It Work?
  • Capital Punishment
    • Our Stubborn Adherence to Capital Punishment
    • Does the Death Penalty Deter Crime?
    • Brutalization?
    • Does It Work?
  • Castration
    • Methods of Castration
    • European Origins
    • California’s Law
    • Effects on Recidivism
    • Does It Work?
  • Summary
  • Notes
• Chapter 10: Probation, Parole, and Intermediate Sanctions
  • The Organization and Administration of Probation and Parole
    • Probation
    • Parole
    • Common Probation and Parole Conditions
  • Probation and Parole Issues
    • To Serve or To Supervise
    • Caseload Concerns
    • Probation and Recidivism
    • Parole and Recidivism
    • Caseloads and Crime
    • Offender Characteristics Over Time
    • Are Parolees Equipped to Reenter Society?
    • Consequences to Society of Prisoner Reentry
    • Improving Probation and Parole
    • Reentry Initiatives
    • Does It Work?
  • Intermediate Sanctions
    • The Net Widening Problem
    • A Typology of Intermediate Sanctions
    • Community Restraints
    • Intensive Supervision Probation
    • Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring
    • GPS Monitoring
    • Structure and Discipline
    • Adult Boot Camps
    • Juvenile Boot Camps
    • Hybrid Intermediate Sanctions
    • Shock Probation
    • Halfway Houses
    • Day Reporting Centers
    • Foster and Group Homes
    • Scared Straight
    • Does It Work?
  • Summary
  • Notes
• Chapter 11: Rehabilitation, Treatment, and Job Training
  • A Movement Toward the Left
    • Some Definitions
  • Criminals Are Not Created Equal
    • Risk
    • Needs
    • Responsivity
  • Rehabilitation
    • Targeting Cognitive Skills
    • Morals Training
    • Reasoning Training
    • Anger Management
    • Improving Victim Awareness
    • Life Skills Training
    • Does It Work?
  • Treatment
    • Treating Drug Addicts
    • In Prison
    • Out of Prison
    • Drug Testing and Treatment
    • Treating Sex Offenders
    • In Prison
    • Out of Prison
    • The Big Picture
    • Does It Work?
    • Does It Work?
  • Job Training
    • The Employment—Crime Connection
    • Job Training for Convicts
    • Education as Job Training
    • Vocational Training
    • Correctional Industries
    • Work Release
    • Job Training for the General Population
    • Housing Dispersal and Mobility Programs
    • Does It Work?
  • More Lessons from Meta-Analysis
  • Summary
  • Notes

PART 4: APPROACHES BEYOND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

• Chapter 12: Individual, Family, and Household Crime Control
  • Government May Still Be Involved
  • Individual Crime Control
    • Guns and Personal Defense
    • Measuring Gun Prevalence
    • How Often Are Guns Used in Self-Defense?
    • Debunking the “Good Guy to the Rescue” Narrative
    • Gun Prevalence and Crime
    • Anecdotal Accounts
    • Armed Resistance and Crime Completion
    • Armed Resistance and Victim Injury
    • Do Criminals Care?
    • Compensating Risks and Offsetting Behavior
    • Guns and Accidental Deaths
    • Comparing the United States to Other Nations
    • A Gun in Every Home?
    • Risk-Avoidance Behaviors
    • Characteristics of Victims
    • Research Complications
    • Risk-Management Behaviors
    • Self-Defense Training
    • Forceful Resistance
    • Nonforceful Resistance
    • Does It Work?
  • Household and Family Crime Control
    • The Aim of Crime Control in Households and Families
    • How Families Influence Delinquency and Youth Victimization
    • Varieties of Crime Control in Households and Families
    • Parent Training and Education
    • Family Preservation Therapy
    • Multisystemic Therapy
    • Financial Assistance to Families
    • Does It Work?
  • Summary
  • Notes
• Chapter 13: Crime Control in the Community and in Schools
  • Community Crime Control
    • What Is Community?
    • The Social Ecology of Crime
    • Poverty
    • Mobility and Change
    • Racial Composition
    • Population Density
    • More on Families
    • Social Disorganization and Collective Efficacy
    • Concentrated Disadvantage
    • Communities and Crime: A Two-Way Relationship?
    • Financial Assistance to Communities
    • Enterprise Zones
    • Community Development Block Grants
    • Community Investment Programs
    • Justice Reinvestment
    • Other Methods of Community Crime Control
    • Mobilizing Residents
    • Antigang Initiatives
    • Youth Mentoring
    • After-School Program