3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition

Table of Contents

Foreword to the Second Edition     xvi
Foreword to the First Edition     xviii
Preface to the Second Edition     xx
Preface to the First Edition     xxiii
Acknowledgments     xxv
About the Authors     xxix

PART I:  FOUNDATIONS OF 3D USER INTERFACES     1
Chapter 1  Introduction to 3D User Interfaces     3
1.1  What Are 3D User Interfaces?     4
1.2  Why 3D User Interfaces?     4
1.3  Terminology     6
1.4  Application Areas     8
1.5  Conclusion     9
Chapter 2  3D User Interfaces: History and Roadmap     11
2.1  History of 3D UIs     12
2.2  Roadmap to 3D UIs     14
2.3  Scope of this Book    27
2.4  Introduction to Case Studies     27
2.5  Conclusion     30

PART II:  HUMAN FACTORS AND HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION BASICS    31
Chapter 3  Human Factors Fundamentals     33
3.1  Introduction     34
3.2  Information Processing     35
3.3  Perception     41
3.4  Cognition     58
3.5  Physical Ergonomics     66
3.6  Guidelines     74
3.7  Conclusion     75
Recommended Reading     76
Chapter 4  General Principles of Human—Computer Interaction     77
4.1  Introduction     78
4.2  Understanding the User Experience     80
4.3  Design Principles and Guidelines     95
4.4  Engineering the User Experience     109
4.5  Conclusion     121
Recommended Reading     121

PART III:  HARDWARE TECHNOLOGIES FOR 3D USER INTERFACES     123
Chapter 5  3D User Interface Output Hardware     125
5.1  Introduction     126
5.2  Visual Displays     127
5.3  Auditory Displays     153
5.4  Haptic Displays     158
5.5  Characterizing Displays by Level of Fidelity     170
5.6  Design Guidelines: Choosing Output Devices for 3D User Interfaces     171
5.7  Case Studies     178
5.8  Conclusion     183
Recommended Reading     183
Chapter 6  3D User Interface Input Hardware     187
6.1  Introduction     188
6.2  Traditional Input Devices     190
6.3  3D Spatial Input Devices     200
6.4  Complementary Input for 3D User Interfaces     226
6.5  Special-Purpose Input Devices     228
6.6  Do It Yourself (DIY) Input Devices     234
6.7  Choosing Input Devices for 3D User Interfaces     238
6.8  Case Studies     244
6.9  Conclusion     247
Recommended Reading     248

PART IV:  3D INTERACTION TECHNIQUES     251
Chapter 7  Selection and Manipulation     255
7.1  Introduction     256
7.2  3D Manipulation Tasks     257
7.3  Classifications for 3D Manipulation     262
7.4  Grasping Metaphors     264
7.5  Pointing Metaphors     273
7.6  Surface Metaphors     280
7.7  Indirect Metaphors     286
7.8  Bimanual Metaphors     297
7.9  Hybrid Metaphors     301
7.10  Other Aspects of 3D Manipulation     303
7.11 Design Guidelines     309
7.12  Case Studies     312
7.13  Conclusion     314
Recommended Reading     315
Chapter 8  Travel     317
8.1  Introduction     318
8.2  3D Travel Tasks     319
8.3  Classifications for 3D Travel     322
8.4  Walking Metaphors     325
8.5  Steering Metaphors     339
8.6  Selection-Based Travel Metaphors     344
8.7  Manipulation-Based Travel Metaphors     349
8.8  Other Aspects of Travel Techniques     353
8.9  Wayfinding in 3D Environments     361
8.10  Design Guidelines     367
8.11  Case Studies     371
8.12  Conclusion     376
Recommended Reading     377
Chapter 9  System Control     379
9.1  Introduction     380
9.2  System Control Issues     381
9.3  Classification     384
9.4  Physical Controllers     384
9.5  Graphical Menus     386
9.6  Voice Commands     396
9.7  Gestural Commands     398
9.8  Tools     404
9.9  Multimodal Techniques     409
9.10  Design Guidelines412
9.11  Case Studies     414
9.12  Conclusion     417
Recommended Reading     417

PART V:  DESIGNING AND DEVELOPING 3D USER INTERFACES     419
Chapter 10  Strategies in Designing and Developing 3D User Interfaces     421
10.1  Introduction     422
10.2 Designing for Humans     423
10.3 Inventing 3D User Interfaces     436
10.4  Design Guidelines     447
10.5  Case Studies     451
10.6  Conclusion     454
Recommended Reading     454
Chapter 11  Evaluation of 3D User Interfaces     455
11.1  Introduction     456
11.2  Evaluation Methods for 3D UIs     457
11.3  Evaluation Metrics for 3D UIs     460
11.4  Characteristics of 3D UI Evaluations     463
11.5  Classification of Evaluation Methods     468
11.6  Three Multimethod Approaches     470
11.7  Guidelines for 3D UI Evaluation     487
11.8  Case Studies     489
11.9  Conclusion     493
Recommended Reading     493
Acknowledgment     494

Part VI:  THE FUTURE OF 3D INTERFACES     495
Chapter 12  The Future of 3D User Interfaces     497
12.1  User Experience with 3D Displays     498
12.2  3D UI Design     500
12.3  3D UI Development and Evaluation     505
12.4  3D UIs in the Real World     507
12.5  Applications of 3D UIs     509
Bibliography     513
Index     563