IDEAS & Aims for College Writing, MLA Update Edition, 1st edition
Published by Pearson (July 8, 2016) © 2017
- Tim Taylor
- Linda Copeland
Title overview
For courses in Developmental Writing.
This version of IDEAS & Aims has been updated the reflect the 8th edition of the MLA Handbook (April 2016) *
A unique aims/purposes-based developmental writing program
IDEAS and Aims fulfills a growing need in classrooms for a more contemporary approach, and a different type of writing textbook specifically developed with course redesign in mind. Its consistent focus on subject, purpose, audience, and genre leads students to effectively analyze the writing situations they will encounter in their college courses and in their everyday lives. This is accomplished through the use of an easy to remember template tool called IDEAS (Interest, Details, Explanation, Audience, and Style) that helps students see writing not only as an important academic and lifelong skill.
*The 8th edition introduces sweeping changes to the philosophy and details of MLA works cited entries. Responding to the “increasing mobility of texts,” MLA now encourages writers to focus on the process of crafting the citation, beginning with the same questions for any source. These changes, then, align with current best practices in the teaching of writing which privilege inquiry and critical thinking over rote recall and rule-following.
- The aims-based approach shows how rhetorical aim is key to a writer’s purpose and how paragraphs work toward that overarching goal.
- The traditional methods of paragraph development—process, comparison and contrast and so on—are explained and illustrated in Chapters 4 and 5. These are then placed within the larger aims of describing, reflecting, informing, analyzing, evaluating, and persuading.
- Writing tasks relative to academia, the workplace, and one’s personal life are presented. The assignments within each of the aims-based chapters allow students to incorporate rhetorical strategies that best suit their purpose and audience.
- Diverse writing assignments for varied audiences offer detailed writing assignments at the end of each chapter: one is a paragraph length assignment, one is an academic essay, and the last one is a professional writing case.
- The IDEAS template (Interest, Details, Explanation, Audience, and Style): Students can use this easily remembered and useful tool in productive ways.
- First, they can use it as a tool to examine and critique readings (Chapter 2).
- Second, students can use the IDEAS tool as a method to brainstorm ideas for their papers (Chapter 3).
- Within every aims-based chapter (6-11), a section titled Put IDEAS to Work provides a sample of how a student generated content for a paper followed by the student’s final paper, and the chapters also feature an IDEAS in Action section, which is a professional essay with annotations keyed to IDEAS to provide a model for analytical reading.
- In addition, all of the essays in these chapters are followed by questions organized by the IDEAS template.
- Examples/student models—Most chapters show how students have gone through the process of writing a paper for a college class—their brainstorming and then the final product, the paper. These Put IDEAS to Work sections provide positive modeling for what your students can do in their writing courses.
- Reading and Writing: IDEAS in Action—To reinforce the IDEAS template, many chapters offer professional essays that are annotated via IDEAS to model the type of analytical reading we want our students to do.
- Concise instruction and accessible readings – Each aims-based chapter offers concise instruction about writing for that purpose. The chapters provide an inviting mix of readings that offer fresh perspectives on important issues that clearly connect to the rhetorical purpose detailed in each chapter. Instructors can choose from these selections based on their knowledge of their classrooms.
- The readings are digestible yet challenging, and all readings are prefaced by pre-reading questions to stimulate critical thinking about topics.
- After each reading, there are thought-provoking questions for discussion along with writing assignments tied to the reading material and aim of the chapter.
- Varied and high-interest reading selections combine with accessible writing assignments to foster thinking about writing from a reader’s perspective.
- A focus on critical reading, thinking, and writing—Writing teachers also have to teach reading skills. The book challenges students to become critical thinkers who engage in deep analytical reading and writing.
- Students will be guided to look at author’s assumptions, evidence, and presentation of material, and the book asks them to think about their own assumptions and evidence.
- The connection of analytical reading, writing, and critical thinking strategies addresses the important reading-writing connection in our classrooms.
- Chapter One: What It Means to Be a College Student: The opening chapter of IDEAS & Aims lays the groundwork for critical thinking in reading and writing by offering students guidance in understanding expectations and the demands of college-level courses.
- Visuals for critical thinking—Visual aids (photographs, comics, etc.) are used throughout to stimulate analytical thinking related to the learning goals of each chapter. Sometimes serious or sometimes humorous, they reflect the focus of each chapter and make students look beyond the obvious for critical thinking.
- Comprehensive coverage of editing, grammar, and style—Chapter 14 offers coverage of typical sentence-level concerns and provides smart exercises that address important sentence-based issues. The final chapter, Correcting Sentence Errors, is a resource guide for grammar, style, and usage. Sentence-level exercises are provided in this part.
Table of contents
NOTE: Both brief and comprehensive tables of contents follow.
BRIEF CONTENTS
PART ONE: READING AND WRITING IN COLLEGE
1. What It Means to Be a College Student: Following the Codes
2. The Reading Process
3. The Writing Process
PART TWO: WRITING PARAGRAPHS AND ESSAYS
4. Writing Paragraphs
5. Paragraphs Working Together: The Essay
PART THREE: AIMS-BASED WRITING
6. Descriptive Writing
7. Reflective Writing
8. Informative Writing
9. Analytical Writing
10. Evaluative Writing
11. Persuasive Writing
PART FOUR: RESEARCH
12. Working with Sources
13. Documenting Sources
PART FIVE: SENTENCE SKILLS: IMPROVING STYLE & CORRECTING ERRORS
14. Style Matters
15. Handbook: Correcting Sentence Errors
COMPREHENSIVE CONTENTS
PART ONE: READING AND WRITING IN COLLEGE
1. What It Means to Be a College Student: Following the Codes
The Code of Behavior
Be an Active Learner
Selection “Self-Control is the Key to Success” by David Brooks
Show Good Character
Practice Critical Thinking
The Code of Communication
Discourse Communities as Audience
Selection “To: Professor@University.edu Subject: Why It’s All About Me by Jonathan Glater
Meet the Expectations of College Writing Assignments
Selection “Student Expectations As Causing Grade Disputes” by Max Roosevelt
2. The Reading Process
Active Reading: A Conversation with an Author
Reading “‘Only Connect…’: The Goals of a Liberal Education” by William Cronon
Read as a Believer and as a Doubter
Put IDEAS to Work when Reading
Interest
Details
Explanation
Audience
Style
Selection “Black Men and Public Space” by Brent Staples
Demonstrate Your Understanding of a Text Through Summarizing, Paraphrasing and Quoting
The Essentials of Summarizing
The Essentials of Paraphrasing
The Essentials of Quoting
3. Writing and the Process of Writing
Assess the Writing Situation—Subject, Purpose, Audience, and Genre
Direct Your Writing with a Thesis Statement
Put IDEAS to Work: The Essentials of Good Writing
Practice Writing as a Process—Embrace the Messiness and Discoveries Before the Finished Product
The Writing Process
Planning
Prewriting
Organizing
First Drafting
Selection Eva’s First Draft---Extended Analogy
Revising and Redrafting
Editing and Proofreading
Selection “Writing a Paper is like Buying a Swimsuit” by Eva Thorne, Annotated Student Paper
Writing Assignments
Extended Analogy Essay: Writing is Like…
Writing Development Plan Paper
PART TWO: WRITING PARAGRAPHS AND ESSAYS
4. Writing Paragraphs
Building Paragraphs
Unify Your Paragraphs with a Topic Sentence
Create Support in Your Paragraphs Using Details, Reasons, Examples, and Explanations
Use Coherence Strategies to Connect Your Support
Organize Support Using Patterns of Development
Description
Narration
Example/Illustration
Causes and/or Effects
Comparison or Contrast
Process
Classification
Definition
Analyze Paragraphs for Coherence
5. Paragraphs Working Together: The Essay
Write Effective Introduction Paragraphs
Strategies for Writing Introduction Paragraphs
Avoid Common Mistakes in Introduction Paragraphs
Create Conclusion Paragraphs That Leave a Lasting Impression
Strategies for Writing Conclusion Paragraphs
Avoid Common Mistakes in Conclusion Paragraphs
Understand the Various Strategies for Organizing Paragraphs and Using Transitions
Paragraphs Working Together: “Stop the Cyberbully,” Annotated Paper
PART THREE: AIMS-BASED WRITING
6. Descriptive Writing
Create a Dominant Impression—Make It Real for Your Readers
Use Concrete, Specific, and Inviting Details
Use Descriptive Verbs
Put IDEAS to Work in Descriptive Writing
Student Writer at Work
Reading Harrison’s Letter, Annotated Student Problem Letter
Reading and Writing: IDEAS in Action
Selection 1 “Dandelion: A Virtuous Weed” by Craig Holdrege, Annotated Professional Essay
Selection 2 “The Trail Winds…” (excerpt from “A Rare Jewel”) by Jane Braxton Little
Selection 3 “Clog Dancing at the Illinois State Fair” by David Foster Wallace
Selection 4 “The Knife” by Richard Selzer
Selection 5 “Just Off Main Street” by Elmaz Abinader
Additional Writing Assignments
Descriptive Place-Based Paragraph or Essay
Problem in Your Community Letter
Real Estate Description: Describing to Make the Sale
7. Reflective Writing
Answer This Question: So What?
Employ Examples, Anecdotes, and Evidence for Support
Use Concrete, Specific, and Inviting Details
Put IDEAS to Work in Reflective Writing
Student Writer at Work
Selection “Why the Best Kids Books Are Written in Blood” by Sherman Alexie, Annotated
Professional Essay
Selection “‘Sorry It’s Late’—Seeing Both Sides of an Age-old Homework Dilemma” by Sam Johnston, Annotated Student Paper
Reading and Writing: IDEAS in Action
Selection 1 “The Day I Met Bruce Lee” by Bonnie Devet, Annotated Professional Essay
Selection 2 “County Hams” (excerpt from Pleasures of the Smokehouse) by John Egerton
Selection 3 “Pigskin Anticipation” (excerpt from Pulled Pork and Pigskin) by Wright Thompson
Selection 4 “Two Bad Bricks” by Ajahn Brahm
Additional Writing Assignments
Reflecting on a Culinary Tradition paragraph/s
Reflecting on a Current Event Essay
Case Study: Marketing Ideas Memo
8. Informative Writing
Get Your Facts Straight
Make the Information Interesting
Consider the Readers’ Needs
Move from Old to New Information
Organize Appropriately
Put IDEAS to Work in Informative Writing
Student Writer at Work
Selection “Coach Pick” by Collin Seibert, Annotated Student Paper
Reading and Writing: IDEAS in Action
Selection 1 “The Apple, Alcohol, & ‘Johnny Appleseed” by Michael Pollan, Annotated Professional Essay
Selection 2 Excerpt from The Cave of the Bats by Richard Conniff
Selection 3 “A Night of Lynching, a Life of Remembering” by Sarah Cohen
Selection 4 “Seven Sustainable Wonders” by Alan Thein Durning
Selection 5 “Soup” from The New Yorker
Additional Writing Assignments
Historical/Cultural Marker: Informing about a Place in Your Community
Career Profile Assignment
Rejection Letter
9. Analytical Writing
Analyze a Subject by Breaking It Down and Building It Back Up
Support Your Analysis (Your Point) with Details, Examples, and Explanation
Use Critical Thinking when Analyzing
Put IDEAS to Work in Analytical Writing
Student Writer at Work
Selection “The Real Marlboro Man” by Janet Lopez, Annotated Student Paper
Reading and Writing: IDEAS in Action
Selection 1 “American Jerk” by Todd Schwartz, Annotated Professional Essay
Selection 2 “The School Smarts Effect” by Kirsten Weir
Selection 3 “Space Invaders” by Richard Stengel
Selection 4 “But What Do You Mean?” by Deborah Tannen
Additional Writing Assignments
Analyzing the Influence of an Idea
Analyzing an Ad
Case Study: PTA Memo
10. Evaluative Writing
Consider the Criteria for Success
Show How the Subject Is (or Is Not) a Success
Put IDEAS to Work in Evaluative Writing
Student Writer at Work
Selection “A Kennel for Ben” by Karl Martinson, Annotated Student Paper
Reading and Writing: IDEAS in Action
Selection 1 “The Dangers of Social Networking Sites in College” by Britney Wilkins, Annotated Professional Essay
Selection 2 “Review of Carrying Lightning” by Lee Zimmerman
Selection 3 “What Makes a Good Patient” by Scott Haig, MD
Selection 4 “The Flight from Conversation” by Sherry Turkle
Additional Writing Assignments
Evaluating the Credibility of an Online Source (.org)
Restaurant Evaluation
Case Study: Evaluative Letter about Whether Dexter Should be Paroled
11. Persuasive Writing
Know Your Audience’s Expectations
Use the Rhetorical Toolkit: Ethos, Logos, and Pathos
Put IDEAS to Work in Persuasive Writing
Student Writer at Work
Selection “Why Prisons Don’t Work” by Wilbert Rideau, Annotated Professional Essay
Selection “A Close Look at ‘Why Prisons Don’t Work’” by Navid Montazeri, Annotated Student Paper
Reading and Writing: IDEAS in Action
Selection 1 “‘A’ is for ‘Absent’” by Chris Piper
Selection 2 “Don’t Let Stereotypes Warp Your Judgment” by Robert L. Heilbroner
Selection 3 “Put the Brakes on Driving While Texting” by Leonard Pitts
Additional Writing Assignments
Consequences of a Problem Paper
Summary-Analysis-Response (SAR) Essay
Job/Internship Application Letter
PART FOUR: RESEARCH
12. Working with Sources
Find Sources
Evaluate Sources
Summarize, Paraphrase and Quote Effectively and Ethically
See Research as Discovery
I-Search Paper
Student Writer at Work
I-Search Abstract by Darrius Johnson
Selection “Curling” By Darrius Johnson, Annotated Student Paper
13. Documenting Sources
Document Sources
Avoid Plagiarism
Use the MLA Style Documentation Style
The Basics of MLA In-Text Citations
Introducing Source Material in MLA Style
Providing a Correctly Formatted Works Cited List
Use the APA Documentation Style
The Basics of APA In-Text Citations
Introducing Source Material in APA Style
Providing a Correctly Formatted References List
Research-Based Essay
Student Sample Essay
Selection “%#@$&*: Profanity on Campus Should Be Banned” by Marissa Torres, Annotated Student
Paper
PART FIVE: SENTENCE SKILLS: IMPROVING STYLE & CORRECTING ERRORS
14. Style Matters
The Building Blocks of Sentences: Clauses and Phrases
The Simple Sentence
Compound Sentences
Complex Sentences
Compound-Complex Sentences
Using Effective Modifiers
Appositives and Parallel Constructions
Concision---Eliminating Wordiness
Quick Reference: Sentence Patterns
15. Handbook: Correcting Sentence Errors
Introduction
BRIEF CONTENTS
PART ONE: READING AND WRITING IN COLLEGE
1. What It Means to Be a College Student: Following the Codes
2. The Reading Process
3. The Writing Process
PART TWO: WRITING PARAGRAPHS AND ESSAYS
4. Writing Paragraphs
5. Paragraphs Working Together: The Essay
PART THREE: AIMS-BASED WRITING
6. Descriptive Writing
7. Reflective Writing
8. Informative Writing
9. Analytical Writing
10. Evaluative Writing
11. Persuasive Writing
PART FOUR: RESEARCH
12. Working with Sources
13. Documenting Sources
PART FIVE: SENTENCE SKILLS: IMPROVING STYLE & CORRECTING ERRORS
14. Style Matters
15. Handbook: Correcting Sentence Errors
COMPREHENSIVE CONTENTS
PART ONE: READING AND WRITING IN COLLEGE
1. What It Means to Be a College Student: Following the Codes
The Code of Behavior
Be an Active Learner
Selection “Self-Control is the Key to Success” by David Brooks
Show Good Character
Practice Critical Thinking
The Code of Communication
Discourse Communities as Audience
Selection “To: Professor@University.edu Subject: Why It’s All About Me by Jonathan Glater
Meet the Expectations of College Writing Assignments
Selection “Student Expectations As Causing Grade Disputes” by Max Roosevelt
2. The Reading Process
Active Reading: A Conversation with an Author
Reading “‘Only Connect…’: The Goals of a Liberal Education” by William Cronon
Read as a Believer and as a Doubter
Put IDEAS to Work when Reading
Interest
Details
Explanation
Audience
Style
Selection “Black Men and Public Space” by Brent Staples
Demonstrate Your Understanding of a Text Through Summarizing, Paraphrasing and Quoting
The Essentials of Summarizing
The Essentials of Paraphrasing
The Essentials of Quoting
3. Writing and the Process of Writing
Assess the Writing Situation—Subject, Purpose, Audience, and Genre
Direct Your Writing with a Thesis Statement
Put IDEAS to Work: The Essentials of Good Writing
Practice Writing as a Process—Embrace the Messiness and Discoveries Before the Finished Product
The Writing Process
Planning
Prewriting
Organizing
First Drafting
Selection Eva’s First Draft---Extended Analogy
Revising and Redrafting
Editing and Proofreading
Selection “Writing a Paper is like Buying a Swimsuit” by Eva Thorne, Annotated Student Paper
Writing Assignments
Extended Analogy Essay: Writing is Like…
Writing Development Plan Paper
PART TWO: WRITING PARAGRAPHS AND ESSAYS
4. Writing Paragraphs
Building Paragraphs
Unify Your Paragraphs with a Topic Sentence
Create Support in Your Paragraphs Using Details, Reasons, Examples, and Explanations
Use Coherence Strategies to Connect Your Support
Organize Support Using Patterns of Development
Description
Narration
Example/Illustration
Causes and/or Effects
Comparison or Contrast
Process
Classification
Definition
Analyze Paragraphs for Coherence
5. Paragraphs Working Together: The Essay
Write Effective Introduction Paragraphs
Strategies for Writing Introduction Paragraphs
Avoid Common Mistakes in Introduction Paragraphs
Create Conclusion Paragraphs That Leave a Lasting Impression
Strategies for Writing Conclusion Paragraphs
Avoid Common Mistakes in Conclusion Paragraphs
Understand the Various Strategies for Organizing Paragraphs and Using Transitions
Paragraphs Working Together: “Stop the Cyberbully,” Annotated Paper
PART THREE: AIMS-BASED WRITING
6. Descriptive Writing
Create a Dominant Impression—Make It Real for Your Readers
Use Concrete, Specific, and Inviting Details
Use Descriptive Verbs
Put IDEAS to Work in Descriptive Writing
Student Writer at Work
Reading Harrison’s Letter, Annotated Student Problem Letter
Reading and Writing: IDEAS in Action
Selection 1 “Dandelion: A Virtuous Weed” by Craig Holdrege, Annotated Professional Essay
Selection 2 “The Trail Winds…” (excerpt from “A Rare Jewel”) by Jane Braxton Little
Selection 3 “Clog Dancing at the Illinois State Fair” by David Foster Wallace
Selection 4 “The Knife” by Richard Selzer
Selection 5 “Just Off Main Street” by Elmaz Abinader
Additional Writing Assignments
Descriptive Place-Based Paragraph or Essay
Problem in Your Community Letter
Real Estate Description: Describing to Make the Sale
7. Reflective Writing
Answer This Question: So What?
Employ Examples, Anecdotes, and Evidence for Support
Use Concrete, Specific, and Inviting Details
Put IDEAS to Work in Reflective Writing
Student Writer at Work
Selection “Why the Best Kids Books Are Written in Blood” by Sherman Alexie, Annotated
Professional Essay
Selection “‘Sorry It’s Late’—Seeing Both Sides of an Age-old Homework Dilemma” by Sam Johnston, Annotated Student Paper
Reading and Writing: IDEAS in Action
Selection 1 “The Day I Met Bruce Lee” by Bonnie Devet, Annotated Professional Essay
Selection 2 “County Hams” (excerpt from Pleasures of the Smokehouse) by John Egerton
Selection 3 “Pigskin Anticipation” (excerpt from Pulled Pork and Pigskin) by Wright Thompson
Selection 4 “Two Bad Bricks” by Ajahn Brahm
Additional Writing Assignments
Reflecting on a Culinary Tradition paragraph/s
Reflecting on a Current Event Essay
Case Study: Marketing Ideas Memo
8. Informative Writing
Get Your Facts Straight
Make the Information Interesting
Consider the Readers’ Needs
Move from Old to New Information
Organize Appropriately
Put IDEAS to Work in Informative Writing
Student Writer at Work
Selection “Coach Pick” by Collin Seibert, Annotated Student Paper
Reading and Writing: IDEAS in Action
Selection 1 “The Apple, Alcohol, & ‘Johnny Appleseed” by Michael Pollan, Annotated Professional Essay
Selection 2 Excerpt from The Cave of the Bats by Richard Conniff
Selection 3 “A Night of Lynching, a Life of Remembering” by Sarah Cohen
Selection 4 “Seven Sustainable Wonders” by Alan Thein Durning
Selection 5 “Soup” from The New Yorker
Additional Writing Assignments
Historical/Cultural Marker: Informing about a Place in Your Community
Career Profile Assignment
Rejection Letter
9. Analytical Writing
Analyze a Subject by Breaking It Down and Building It Back Up
Support Your Analysis (Your Point) with Details, Examples, and Explanation
Use Critical Thinking when Analyzing
Put IDEAS to Work in Analytical Writing
Student Writer at Work
Selection “The Real Marlboro Man” by Janet Lopez, Annotated Student Paper
Reading and Writing: IDEAS in Action
Selection 1 “American Jerk” by Todd Schwartz, Annotated Professional Essay
Selection 2 “The School Smarts Effect” by Kirsten Weir
Selection 3 “Space Invaders” by Richard Stengel
Selection 4 “But What Do You Mean?” by Deborah Tannen
Additional Writing Assignments
Analyzing the Influence of an Idea
Analyzing an Ad
Case Study: PTA Memo
10. Evaluative Writing
Consider the Criteria for Success
Show How the Subject Is (or Is Not) a Success
Put IDEAS to Work in Evaluative Writing
Student Writer at Work
Selection “A Kennel for Ben” by Karl Martinson, Annotated Student Paper
Reading and Writing: IDEAS in Action
Selection 1 “The Dangers of Social Networking Sites in College” by Britney Wilkins, Annotated Professional Essay
Selection 2 “Review of Carrying Lightning” by Lee Zimmerman
Selection 3 “What Makes a Good Patient” by Scott Haig, MD
Selection 4 “The Flight from Conversation” by Sherry Turkle
Additional Writing Assignments
Evaluating the Credibility of an Online Source (.org)
Restaurant Evaluation
Case Study: Evaluative Letter about Whether Dexter Should be Paroled
11. Persuasive Writing
Know Your Audience’s Expectations
Use the Rhetorical Toolkit: Ethos, Logos, and Pathos
Put IDEAS to Work in Persuasive Writing
Student Writer at Work
Selection “Why Prisons Don’t Work” by Wilbert Rideau, Annotated Professional Essay
Selection “A Close Look at ‘Why Prisons Don’t Work’” by Navid Montazeri, Annotated Student Paper
Reading and Writing: IDEAS in Action
Selection 1 “‘A’ is for ‘Absent’” by Chris Piper
Selection 2 “Don’t Let Stereotypes Warp Your Judgment” by Robert L. Heilbroner
Selection 3 “Put the Brakes on Driving While Texting” by Leonard Pitts
Additional Writing Assignments
Consequences of a Problem Paper
Summary-Analysis-Response (SAR) Essay
Job/Internship Application Letter
PART FOUR: RESEARCH
12. Working with Sources
Find Sources
Evaluate Sources
Summarize, Paraphrase and Quote Effectively and Ethically
See Research as Discovery
I-Search Paper
Student Writer at Work
I-Search Abstract by Darrius Johnson
Selection “Curling” By Darrius Johnson, Annotated Student Paper
13. Documenting Sources
Document Sources
Avoid Plagiarism
Use the MLA Style Documentation Style
The Basics of MLA In-Text Citations
Introducing Source Material in MLA Style
Providing a Correctly Formatted Works Cited List
Use the APA Documentation Style
The Basics of APA In-Text Citations
Introducing Source Material in APA Style
Providing a Correctly Formatted References List
Research-Based Essay
Student Sample Essay
Selection “%#@$&*: Profanity on Campus Should Be Banned” by Marissa Torres, Annotated Student
Paper
PART FIVE: SENTENCE SKILLS: IMPROVING STYLE & CORRECTING ERRORS
14. Style Matters
The Building Blocks of Sentences: Clauses and Phrases
The Simple Sentence
Compound Sentences
Complex Sentences
Compound-Complex Sentences
Using Effective Modifiers
Appositives and Parallel Constructions
Concision---Eliminating Wordiness
Quick Reference: Sentence Patterns
15. Handbook: Correcting Sentence Errors
Introduction
Quick Reference Editing GuideA. Catch the Big Three: Fragments, Run-Ons, and Comma Splices
A.1 Fragment (Frag)B. Avoid Shifts
A.2 Run-On (RO) & Comma Splice (CS)
B.1 Shifts in Point of View (Shift)C. Master Grammar: Pronoun Case, Pronoun Reference, and Agreement
B.2 Shifts in Verb Tense (Tense)
B.3 Shifts in Irregular verb Tense
C.1 Pronoun CaseD. Pay Attention to Punctuation: Apostrophes, Commas, Quotation Marks, Semicolons, and Colons
C.2 Pronoun Reference
C.3 Pronoun Antecedent Agreement (PA Agr)
C.4 Subject Verb Agreement (SV Agr)
D.1 Apostrophes (apos)E. Avoid Bungled Sentences: Modifiers and Parallelism
D.2 Commas (C)
D.3 Quotation Marks/Dialogue (Quote)
D.4 Semicolon (;)
D.5 Colon (:)
E.1 Modifier Error—Misplaced or Dangling (M)F. Mind Your Mechanics: Abbreviations, Capitals, Numbers, and Titles
E.2 Parallelism (//)
F.1 Abbreviation (Abbrev)G. Understand Usage and Avoid the Spell Check Trap
F.2 Capitalization (Cap)
F.3 Number (Number)
F.4 Title (title)
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