Textbook Question
Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?
a. The citric acid cycle
b. The electron transport chain
c. Glycolysis
d. Reduction of pyruvate to lactate
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Ch. 9 - Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Urry11th EditionCampbell BiologyISBN: 9789357423311
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 - Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry8
- Ch. 2 - The Chemical Context of Life8
- Ch. 3 - Water and Life6
- Ch. 4 - Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life9
- Ch. 5 - The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules9
- Ch. 6 - A Tour of the Cell6
- Ch. 7 - Membrane Structure and Function6
- Ch. 8 - An Introduction to Metabolism6
- Ch. 9 - Cellular Respiration and Fermentation10
- Ch. 10 - Photosynthesis7
- Ch. 11 - Cell Communication7
- Ch. 12 - The Cell Cycle10
- Ch. 13 - Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles10
- Ch. 14 - Mendel and the Gene Idea14
- Ch, 15 - The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance7
- Ch. 16 - The Molecular Basis of Inheritance9
- Ch. 17 - Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein9
- Ch. 18 - Regulation of Gene Expression10
- Ch. 19 - Viruses6
- Ch. 20 - DNA Tools and Biotechnology8
- Ch. 21 - Genomes and Their Evolution8
- Ch. 22 - Descent with Modification: A Darwininan View of Life6
- Ch. 23 - The Evolution of Populations5
- Ch. 24 - The Origin of Species6
- Ch. 25 - The History of Life on Earth6
- Ch. 26 - Phylogeny and the Tree of Life7
- Ch. 27 - Bacteria and Archaea8
- Ch. 28 - Protists7
- Ch. 29 - Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land7
- Ch. 30 - Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants7
- Ch. 31 - Fungi5
- Ch. 32 - An Overview of Animal Diversity4
- Ch. 33 - An introduction to Invertebrates6
- Ch. 34 - The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates7
- Ch. 35 - Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development8
- Ch. 36 - Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants8
- Ch. 37 - Soil and Plant Nutrition10
- Ch. 38 - Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology8
- Ch. 39 - Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals8
- Ch. 40 - Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function8
- Ch. 41 - Animal Nutrition7
- Ch. 42 - Circulation and Gas Exchange7
- Ch. 43 - The Immune System6
- Ch. 44 - Osmoregulation and Excretion6
- Ch. 45 - Hormones and the Endocrine System8
- Ch. 46 - Animal Reproduction8
- Ch. 47 - Animal Development8
- Ch. 48 - Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling6
- Ch. 49 - Nervous Systems8
- Ch. 50 - Sensory and Motor Mechanisms5
- Ch. 51 Animal Behavior6
- Ch. 52 - An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere7
- Ch. 53 - Population Ecology10
- Ch. 54 - Community Ecology9
- Ch. 55 - Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology8
- Ch. 56 - Conservation Biology and Global Change6
Chapter 9, Problem 5
What is the oxidizing agent in the following reaction?
Pyruvate + NADH + H+ → Lactate + NAD+
a. Oxygen
b. NADH
c. Lactate
d. Pyruvate
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the concept of an oxidizing agent: In a chemical reaction, the oxidizing agent is the substance that gains electrons and is reduced.
Identify the substances involved in the reaction: Pyruvate, NADH, H+, Lactate, and NAD+.
Analyze the changes in oxidation states: Determine which substance is gaining electrons. In this reaction, NADH is being converted to NAD+, indicating that NADH is losing electrons.
Determine which substance is reduced: Since NAD+ is formed from NADH, NAD+ is the reduced form, meaning NADH is the reducing agent.
Identify the oxidizing agent: The substance that causes NADH to lose electrons is pyruvate, as it is converted to lactate. Therefore, pyruvate is the oxidizing agent.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Oxidizing Agent
An oxidizing agent is a substance that gains electrons in a chemical reaction and, in the process, causes another substance to be oxidized. It is reduced itself. In the context of redox reactions, identifying the oxidizing agent involves determining which reactant is reduced by accepting electrons.
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04:38
Pyruvate Oxidation
Redox Reactions
Redox reactions, or oxidation-reduction reactions, involve the transfer of electrons between two substances. One substance is oxidized (loses electrons), and the other is reduced (gains electrons). Understanding which components are oxidized and reduced is crucial for identifying the oxidizing and reducing agents in a reaction.
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04:47Redox Reactions
Role of NADH in Cellular Respiration
NADH is a coenzyme that plays a critical role in cellular respiration, acting as an electron carrier. It is involved in redox reactions, where it donates electrons and is oxidized to NAD+. In the given reaction, NADH donates electrons to pyruvate, reducing it to lactate, and is itself oxidized, indicating its role as a reducing agent.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is
a. Oxygen.
b. Water.
c. NAD+.
d. Pyruvate.
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Textbook Question
In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions
a. Are the source of energy driving prokaryotic ATP synthesis.
b. Provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient.
c. Reduce carbon atoms to carbon dioxide.
d. Are coupled via phosphorylated intermediates to endergonic processes.
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Textbook Question
When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, which of the following changes occurs?
a. The pH of the matrix increases.
b. ATP synthase pumps protons by active transport.
c. The electrons gain free energy.
d. NAD+ is oxidized.
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Textbook Question
Most CO2 from catabolism is released during
a. Glycolysis.
b. The citric acid cycle.
c. Lactate fermentation.
d. Electron transport.
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Textbook Question
Step 3 in Figure 9.8 is a major point of regulation of glycolysis. The enzyme phosphofructokinase is allosterically regulated by ATP and related molecules (see Concept 8.5). Considering the overall result of glycolysis, would you expect ATP to inhibit or stimulate activity of this enzyme? Explain.
(Hint: Make sure you consider the role of ATP as an allosteric regulator, not as a substrate of the enzyme.)
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