In a typical eukaryotic cell, where does translation (protein synthesis by ribosomes) occur?

• A. Inside lysosomes where proteins are assembled from amino acids
• B. In the Golgi apparatus on its cisternae membranes
• C. On ribosomes in the cytosol and on ribosomes bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
• D. Inside the nucleus on chromatin

Answer: (C)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Understand the process of translation, which is the synthesis of proteins from messenger RNA (mRNA) by ribosomes.
2. Step 2: Recall that ribosomes are the cellular structures responsible for reading mRNA sequences and assembling amino acids into polypeptide chains.
3. Step 3: Identify the locations in a eukaryotic cell where ribosomes are found: free in the cytosol and attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
4. Step 4: Recognize that translation does not occur inside lysosomes, the Golgi apparatus, or the nucleus, as these organelles have different functions (lysosomes degrade molecules, Golgi modifies and sorts proteins, nucleus houses DNA and transcription).
5. Step 5: Conclude that translation occurs on ribosomes located in the cytosol and on ribosomes bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes.