Gluconeogenesis

Hi in this video we're gonna be talking about glue konia genesis and metabolic regulation. So first let's talk about glue konia genesis. So this is a fancy word, It's kind of complicated but essentially it's just a metabolic pathway that is responsible for synthesizing glucose from Piru. So remember pyro is the end product of glycol icis. So, glue konia genesis is um uses Piru to kind of go backwards from glycol icis and create glucose. So when is this used by the body? This is used when glucose stores are depleted. So there's not enough glucose, none is coming in. Therefore your body needs to synthesize it so that it has the energy and can use it for energy and other processes. But it's not the easiest thing to do because the synthesis of glue konia genesis requires energy. So every time you create a glucose molecule that's actually going to use for a T. P. S and to GTP. So that's kind of a lot of energy. But it ends up being worth it because if glucose can eventually turn into, you know, 36 https if it's processed in the presence of oxygen. So eventually you do get that energy back. But it does require a lot of energy to create it now. Like I said, this runs almost the key word here is almost in reverse of like a'Lexus. So, like Alexis, there's 10 steps, there's 10 steps and glue konia genesis but it's not the exact reverse and the reason is because three steps in glucose neurogenesis have to be different um compared to like Alexis and this is because these three steps which are steps 13 and 10 of like A'Lexus are just so extra tonic which means that they were like when they're running in glycol Asus, they release so much energy, they actually can't be reversed. The sale cannot overcome the amount of energy it would need to to run those reactions in reverse. So instead it sort of bypasses them. So I'm going to go over the three steps that are difference between glucose neurogenesis and glycol ISIS. So the first is going to be Step 10. So this is step 10 of glycol icis. So this would be step one of glucose neurogenesis. Um What happens is that there's a different reaction that happens to form this uh this product and it's not the reverse. The same thing happens in steps three and one of electrolysis. Um and enzymes remove the inorganic phosphate. So let's look through these three steps. So you get exactly what I'm talking about. So this is step one. This is step one of glucose neo genesis, which means that step 10 of glycol Asus. Um So what happens here is C. 02 gets added and phosphate gets added to piru bait. So the important thing here is because this is step 10 of glycol ISIS. We're starting with pirate debate. And it uses a teepee uses C. 02 uses GTP to create this molecule. And that's the first step of glucose neurogenesis which is the 10th of black analysis then Step seven of Glue Konia Genesis is the same as step three of like Alexis. What happens is removal of a phosphate. So um So it's exactly what, so you have two faucets here, one gets removed, you're left with just one and this happens again in step 10 um where there's one phosphate, it gets removed and you end up the byproduct here of glucose. So the rest of the steps are exactly the same as guy collis. Isjust running in reverse. So if you're you won't need to necessarily know all the steps of glucose neurogenesis in order. Just know that there are three that differ because they can't overcome the energy. And what they do is they just sort of bypass that through the use of different enzymes. So with that let's now move on.

So this video is going to focus on the two main ways that the cell determines whether or not it needs to use glucose neurogenesis or guy colossus. So how the cells to decide this is actually through two main enzymes. So the first one is phosphorus tokens. And so this enzyme promotes glycol icis but it's controlled through a teepee regulation. So when A T. P. Is low, the site that sofrito cane or the site that 80 P binds on fast food chains is unbound because there's not a lot of a teepee there. So why would it find? And so the enzyme then remains turned on and can then promote like analysis. But if A T. P. Is high then it combined to foster openness which turns off the enzyme and stops by collis. So that's the first enzyme that's important. The second one is fructose 26. This phosphate and this enzyme is responsible for activating falls over the next one. And so when it activates it, it actually inhibits glucose neo genesis. Um This ends by inhibiting this enzyme called F. B. P. S. So this works very similar as the A. T. P. Did before. So fructose six phosphate is an activator phosphate for tokens ones. So it when it binds the phosphorus minus one it activates it. But if it binds to this glue konia genesis enzyme called F 16 B. P. A. S. Or F. B. P. A. S. Then it will inhibit goiania genesis. So fructose 26 baseball state is sort of, it can promote glycol icis as well by activating the glycol assist enzyme for tokens and inhibiting this F. B. P. Ace. That is really important for gluttony a genesis and this is really common. So these are two main enzymes, the ones that you know you may hear about in your textbook or in your lecture but there are other enzymes that are regulated in this way. Um They can be regulated via binding. So al hysteric modifications or phosphor relation or various feedback inhibition and all of these enzymes sort of control. You know what reaction the cell is actually going to do. So here's an example of the apostolic regulation of So you have um clinics here um and you can see it has two sides an active site and analyst eric site remember it's an enzyme. So that active site is gonna be a binding site. So there's high 80 P levels. Then A. T. P. Is going to take up both. And this is actually going to inactivate like Alexis was gonna inter activate the enzyme and stock black analysis but if there are low levels of a teepee then only one of the site is bound. And so black analysis can continue because the enzyme remains active. So that is how fox tokens. One um works to regulate a glycol icis or glue konia genesis. So with that let's now move on

video where how other seems like that or carbohydrates can be broken down and used by the cell for energy. So um cats and larger policy aka rides Also like glucose can be broken down for energy and for fats they're generally broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids. And so acids can actually be used to create a Siegel co A N A D H F A D. H. To these chemicals and activated carriers that we've been seeing. Um and other steps like a colossus. So just to give you an example, you don't need to know these numbers. But as an example, a 16 carbon fatty acid will create seven N A D H S seven F A D H two and H. S. Seal Coetzee's which will eventually lead to the formation of 100 and 31 https. So to compare that with what we're used to with glycol Asus one, glucose actually will only end up making 38 https, which is significantly less. And so you don't need to know these numbers but you can get an idea that fat store this very large that the cell can use to create to be So um also like a gin and starch can store monomers of glucose as large branch policy aka rides. And these policy aka rides can then be broken down and using glycol Asus. So glycogen for instance is broken down by an enzyme called glycogen phosphor lace, you don't necessarily need to know that enzyme but it converts glycogen into glucose. Six phosphate, which if you are call us this video glucose, six phosphate is actually created in the first step of glen colossus. And so in black analysis, glucose is turned into this. But this special enzyme can actually just turn glycogen straight into that and sort of skipping that glucose step. Now another thing that you need to know another term is going to be false for analysis. So what this is is that when you break apart molecules, typically we refer to breaking apart molecules as hydraulic sis, right? Because water is added and it splits molecules. But phosphor analysis, what happens is instead of water, a phosphate faucet is used to split apart um molecules and that's called phosphor a license. So if we're looking here at just an example of a breakdown of fatty acids, then you don't need to know all these terms or these steps or anything. But you can see here that you start out with some kind of fat but eventually it's turned into free fatty acids which go on to create a single Coetzee use a T. P. It can create F A D H two and N A D H two. So all of these things, even though you don't need to know the steps, just know that, you know, fatty acids can also be broken down used to create the form of activated carriers or a teepee

Which of the following is not true regarding gluconeogenesis?

• A. It requires energy from ATP
• B. It generates glucose
• C. It is the exact reverse of glycolysis
• D. It requires energy from GTP

True or False:Gluconeogenesis occurs in the exact reverse as glycolysis.

• A. True
• B. False

What happens to the glycolysis and gluconeogenesis when ATP levels are high and glucose is low?

• A. Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are activated
• B. Glycolysis is activated and gluconeogenesis is suppressed
• C. Glycolysis is suppressed and gluconeogenesis is activated
• D. Nothing, the rates of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis stay the same

When phosphofructokinase-1 is active, what happens to gluconeogenesis?

• A. It is also activated
• B. It is repressed
• C. Nothing