What metabolic substrate(s) can be produced from the carbon atoms of each of the following amino acids?
a. histidine

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Understand the question. The problem asks which metabolic substrates can be produced from the carbon atoms of the amino acid histidine. This involves identifying the metabolic pathways histidine participates in and the products formed.
2. Step 2: Recall the metabolic fate of histidine. Histidine is an amino acid that can be broken down in the body through catabolic pathways. Its carbon skeleton is converted into intermediates that enter central metabolic pathways.
3. Step 3: Identify the key intermediate produced from histidine. Histidine is primarily converted into α-ketoglutarate, a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle). This conversion occurs after histidine is deaminated and undergoes further enzymatic reactions.
4. Step 4: Relate α-ketoglutarate to metabolic substrates. α-Ketoglutarate can be used in the citric acid cycle to produce energy (ATP) or serve as a precursor for gluconeogenesis, leading to the production of glucose. It can also contribute to the synthesis of other biomolecules.
5. Step 5: Summarize the metabolic substrates derived from histidine. The carbon atoms of histidine can ultimately contribute to the production of glucose (via gluconeogenesis) or energy (via the citric acid cycle). Additionally, they may be used for biosynthesis of other compounds depending on cellular needs.

Key Concepts

Amino Acid Metabolism

Amino acid metabolism involves the biochemical processes that break down amino acids for energy or convert them into other compounds. Each amino acid can be deaminated, leading to the production of various metabolic substrates, such as glucose or fatty acids, depending on the specific amino acid and the body's needs.

Histidine Catabolism

Histidine is an essential amino acid that can be catabolized to produce several metabolites, including histamine and α-ketoglutarate. The breakdown of histidine involves several enzymatic reactions, ultimately contributing to the synthesis of important biomolecules and energy production in the body.

Metabolic Substrates

Metabolic substrates are the molecules that serve as the starting materials for metabolic pathways. In the context of amino acids, these substrates can include intermediates that enter the citric acid cycle or precursors for gluconeogenesis, which are crucial for energy production and maintaining metabolic balance.