6. Learning

When a previously neutral stimulus, through repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, begins to cause the same kind of reflexive response, the neutral stimulus has become

For classical conditioning to be effective, the conditioned stimulus must be

When Pavlov stopped giving the dogs food after the real conditioned stimulus, they stopped salivating to the sound of the ticking. This is called

Without the _____, higher-order conditioning would be difficult to maintain and would gradually fade away.

A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response is a(n)

In his classical conditioning experiment, Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to salivate when they

_____ is the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning).

_____ pioneered the empirical study of the basic principles of classical conditioning.

_____ is the classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.

The response that is given to the conditioned stimulus is not usually quite as strong as the original unconditioned response

After a lengthy period during which the unconditioned stimulus was not applied, Pavlov's dogs stopped responding to the metronome. If a weaker conditioned response to the metronome occurred at some point after this, it would be a demonstration of

Pavlov's dogs exhibited stimulus discrimination when they

The term extinction may be misleading, because

Four-year-old Joshua reacts with anxiety to the sound of thunder. A chair slides across the wooden floor, making a sound similar to thunder. Joshua reacts with some slight anxiety. This is an example of

Whenever you take a shower in your bathroom at home, the water in the shower turns icy cold just as the toilet in another bathroom is flushed, causing you to cringe. After several such experiences, you find that you tend to cringe whenever you hear a toilet flush, even when you are not in the shower. In this example of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus?