INTRODUCTION: The West before 1300
Early Humans and Their Culture
The Paleolithic Age
The Neolithic Age
Early Civilizations to about 1000 B.C.E.
Mesopotamian Civilization
Egyptian Civilization
Palestine and the Religion of the Israelites
The Greeks
The Polis
Greek Political Philosophy and the Crisis of the Polis
The Empire of Alexander the Great
Rome
The Republic and Expansion in the Mediterranean
From Republic to Empire
The Principate and the Empire
Christianity
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Europe Enters the Middle Ages
The Byzantine Empire
The Rise of Islam
New Importance of the Christian Church
Charlemagne
Feudal and Manorial Society
Church and State in the High Middle Ages
The Division of Christendom
The Rise of Towns
The Crusades
The Rise of New Monarchies
Universities and Scholasticism
In Perspective
PART 3: EUROPE IN TRANSITION
CHAPTER 9 The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown (1300—1453)
The Black Death
Preconditions and Causes of the Plague
Popular Remedies
Social and Economic Consequences
New Conflicts and Opportunities
The Hundred Years’ War and the Rise of National Sentiment
The Causes of the War
Progress of the War
Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church
The Thirteenth-Century Papacy
Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair
The Avignon Papacy (1309—1377)
John Wycliffe and John Huss
The Great Schism (1378—1417) and the Conciliar Movement to 1449
Medieval Russia
Politics and Society
Mongol Rule (1243—1480)
In Perspective
A Closer Look: The Encampment of the Imperial Army
Compare & Connect: Who Runs the World: Priests or Princes?
Encountering the Past: Dealing with Death
CHAPTER 10 Renaissance and Discovery
The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
The Italian City-State
Humanism
Renaissance Art
Slavery in the Renaissance
Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
Charles VIII’s March through Italy
Pope Alexander VI and the Borgia Family
Pope Julius II
Niccolò Machiavelli
Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
France
Spain
England
The Holy Roman Empire
The Northern Renaissance
The Printing Press
Erasmus
Humanism and Reform
Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
The Portuguese Chart the Course
The Spanish Voyages of Columbus
The Spanish Empire in the New World
The Church in Spanish America
The Economy of Exploitation
The Impact on Europe
In Perspective
A Closer Look: Leonardo Plots the Perfect Man
Compare & Connect: Is the Renaissance Man a Myth?
Encountering the Past: The Renaissance Garden
CHAPTER 11 The Age of Reformation
Society and Religion
Social and Political Conflict
Popular Religious Movements and Criticisms of the Church
Martin Luther and German Reformation to 1525
Justification by Faith Alone
The Attack on Indulgences
Election of Charles V
Luther’
