Volumetric Analysis

Now in addition to polarity and morality and mole fraction, we can discuss the concentrations of solutions in various other ways. Now here we have weight percent, volume percent and weight volume percent. Now when it comes to weight percent, or sometimes called mass percent or percent by mass, we say that mass of our solute divided by the mass of the solution times 100 gives us this new expression used for discussing the concentrations of solutions. In addition to this we have volume percent now, whereas mass percent uses grams over graham's volume percent typically uses milliliters over milliliters. So we have milliliters of our solute divided by volume or milliliters of our solution times 100. And then finally we have a mixture of the two which is weight over volume percent. This is typically used within the medical field. In this case we're going to have the weight of our salute on top, usually in grams divided by the volume of our solution on the bottom, which will be in middle leaders or centimeters cubed. They're the same thing on the bottom and then you multiply that by 100 introducing these new types of expressions for the concentrations of solutions. Opens the door to different types of word problems that can still give us questions dealing with polarity and morality. So based on everything we've learned of this thus far, let's take a look at example one and see how best to approach that question to get the answer that we want

So here it says a solution is prepared by dissolving 18.83 g of sulfuric acid. Enough water to make 250 ml of solution. If the density the solution is 1.1094 g per milliliter, What is the weight percent of sulfuric acid in the solution? Were also given the molecular weight of sulfuric acid is being 98.86 g per mole here. They want us to find the weight percent of sulfuric acid. So here we're gonna say that weight percent or mass percent would equal the grams of our sulfuric acid divided by grams of our solution. And that would be times 100. Next we look and see what the given information is. The given information that we have is we have 18.83 g of sulfuric acid. We have the volume of our solution as 250 MS of solution. And were given the density of our solution as being 1.1094 g of solution for everyone. Middle liter of solution realize here that right off the bat, we already know how many grams of sulfuric acid we have. So we can plug that in right away. So we have 18.83 g of sulfuric acid on top. We want grams of solution on the bottom. So if we multiply the volume of the density together, the volume of my solution, cancel out. And I'm gonna have my grams of solution at the end. When we multiply those two numbers. That gives me 277.35 g of solution. And then just simply multiply that by a 100 And we'll have our percentage at the end. So here we're gonna have 6.78926 here, this has four sig figs. This technically has two sig figs. And this here has 56 figs. So we're gonna go with two significant figures at the end. So that's gonna give me 6.8% for my sulfuric acid solution. So based on what we've seen in this first example, attempt to do the next example, remember the key to any of these questions is to first figure out what they're asking us to find. Then on the opposite side, write down all the given information. What you need to find can always be located somewhere within the given information. You just may have to manipulate things or isolate, isolate things to get into that one last unit that you require. So, good luck guys again, if you get stuck, don't worry, just come back and see how I approach this example too

Alright. So here it says when lead levels and blood exceed 0.80 parts per million. The level is considered dangerous. We're told that 0.80 parts per million means that one million g of blood contained 10.80 g of lead. We're also told that given the density of blood is 1060.0 kg per meters cubed, how many grams of lead would be found in 550 mL of blood with a lead level of 5500.583 parts per million. Alright, so this one is a big jumbled mess of of numbers and expressions. So let's organize things out a little bit. First of all they want us to figure out the grams of lead. So that's what we're looking for grams of lead. Now they're telling us a lot of different things. We're accustomed to saying that parts per million means milligrams per one leader. But here we don't need the polarity of the solution. Um And plus they tell me here that in this case we're gonna say that 0.80 parts per million means one million g of blood Connected to 0.80 g of lead. So they're giving us a conversion factor there to use. Now they're saying that the density is this value here. So this is the density of my blood solution For every one m cubed of blood. We have 550 milliliters of blood. And they gave me this as a reference point on how they want me to manipulate parts per million. The actual parts per million that we're dealing with is this one here, 10.583 parts per million. So based on what they've told me for the 0.80 parts per million. This really means .583g of lead For every one million grams of blood. So all we have to do is realize that the grams of that that I need to isolate are right here, which means I have to get rid of all these other units. I have to cancel out kilograms of blood meters cubed milliliters of blood and the other grams of blood on the bottom and be left with just the grams of lead. We're gonna start out first with just the 550 mls of blood because it's easy to manipulate one unit instead of things mixed in with multiple units. So we bring down the 550 middle leaders of blood. Now realize here that on the um that middle leaders is volume meters cubed is volume. What I'm gonna do first is I'm going to convert the one m cube that we have on the bottom here, two centimeters cubed. So that way they can cancel out with these milliliters here. So we have one m cubed. We're going to say here meters go on the bottom centimeters, go on top one senti is 10 to the negative two. I'm gonna cube this entire thing so that the meters cubes can cancel out. But what does cubing really mean? Well if I was to rewrite this it would really mean that I have one m cubed times one centimeters cubed. Now when I cube this power it just really means that the negative two is multiplying with the three. So it'd be 10 to the negative six here on the bottom so it's 10 to the six centimeters cubed. That will be here on the bottom. Now again the reason I'm changing two centimeters cubed is because middle leaders and centimeters cubed are the same thing. So now these two units can cancel one another out. Okay so centimeters cubed middle leaders both cancel each other out. Now I have kilograms of blood. Next I need to change kilograms of blood into grams of blood. And I'm doing that so that I can cancel it with these grams of blood later on. So one kg Is equal to 1000 g. So kilograms cancel out now have grams of blood. We're gonna say we have one million grams of blood on the bottom And we have .583 g of lead on top. So grams of blood cancel out. And what I'm left with is grams of lead. Which is what I was looking for. When you punch that into your calculator you get 3.39889 times 10 to the negative four g of lead based on sick figs. So the calculations that were um the numbers we're using for our calculations. This one here has five sig figs. This one here has five sig figs and this one here has three sig figs. So we want our answer at the end. They have three sig figs. So this comes up to 3.40 times 10 to the negative four g of lead as my final answer. So this word problem had a lot of values being thrown at us. But again, the approach should always be write down what you're looking for first and then once you've done that, write down all the given information on the other side, what you have to find as your answer can be located in some way within the given information. You just have to properly organize things and then see how things connect and cancel out to give you the final units that you want at the end.

in the following example, we're told 8.13% aluminum sulfate solution has a measured density of 1.235 g per milliliter, calculate the molar concentration of sulfate ions in the solution. Now realize here that we don't want the polarity of the aluminum sulfate solution, which just want the polarity of the sulfate ions themselves. So here we're looking for polarity of sulfate ions. So that would just be the moles of sulfate ions divided by the leaders of solution. What information are we given while we're told that we have 8.13% of aluminum sulfate solution so that 8.13%. What does that really mean? Well, that means that we have 8.13g of aluminum sulfate for every 100 g of solution. We're also told that the density of the solution is 1.35 g of solution For every one ml of solution. In addition we're given the mass of aluminum sulfate. But with these types of calculations we need that we can write that down to well incorporated within our calculations. Now, these are the two pieces of information that we're being given. And with this we have to figure out the polarity of sulfate ions. So what we're gonna do here is we're gonna start out by bringing down the mass percent of aluminum sulfate solution. We have 8.13 g of aluminum sulfate And that's over 100 g of solution. What we're gonna do first is going to convert the grams of aluminum sulfate into molds of aluminum sulfate by using the molecular mass or molecular weight they were given within the question. We want to get rid of Graham. So goes on the bottom. So we have 342.17 g of aluminum sulfate on the bottom. And then we have one mole of aluminum sulfate on top. So what happens here is this cancels out with this? The reason we have to figure out the moles of aluminum sulfate, is that once we have the molds of the entire compound, we can do a multiple comparison to find the molds of just sulfate ions. At this point we're going to say that for every one mole of the entire aluminum sulfate on compound, there are exactly three moles of sulfate ions. So that's three moles of sulfate ions. So the moles cancel out At this point, we have moles of sulfate ion over grams of solution. We're not done yet because we need leaders of solution on the bottom. Now, how do I get rid of those grams of solution? Well, we have the density of our solution there, we're going to bring that down. We want to cancel out these grams of solution here on the bottom. So we're gonna have the grams of solution of the density on top And then one middle leader of solution on the bottom. So grams of solution cancel out Now I have middle leaders of solution on the bottom. I want to cancel out those mls. So I'm gonna put 1000 mls of solution on top And then one liter of solution on the bottom so that at the end what do we have? We have exactly moles of sulfate on top leaders of solution on the bottom. That will give us the polarity of sulfate ions within the solution. So that gives me 0.880312 molar sulfate ions. Now based on the information given we have 366 here, 466 here. So we'll go with three significant figures for our answer. So that gives me 30.880 moller sulfate ions. As our final answer. Now that you've seen this approach. Look to see if you can figure out how to set up example to this one is vastly different from the first one we just did. Um So if you can't approach it, don't worry, just come back and see how I tackle this um example to so attempted on your own. If you're stuck, just come back and see how I approach that same question

Alright. So here it says the density of a 33.8 solution of sodium acetate is 1.10 g per milliliter, it says a reaction requires 68.8 g of sodium acetate. Um What volume of the solution do you need if you want to use a 50% excess of sodium acetate. Alright, so this question is a bit different from what we've seen in the past. We're dealing here with an excess of of a particular compound. But before we talk about that access, let's see what they're asking us to find. They want us to find the volume of the solution. So here we're looking for the milliliters. I'm just gonna say milliliters as my default amount or units milliliters of solution. Next, we're gonna write down all the given information and from that will solve for the milliliters of solution. Alright, so we're told that we have 33.8% solution. So that means we have 33.8 g of sodium acetate Divided by 100 g of solution. We're told that we have a density of solution that's 1.10 g per meal leader. So that's 1.10 g of solution per one millimeter of solution. And we can see here that the mls of solution. I want to isolate. We can find them right here. So we know that we're gonna end with a density of solution in some way to get milliliters of solution at the end. Also they're telling us that we required 68.8 g of sodium acetate, but that we want a 50% excess of that. So what exactly does that mean? Well, in a reaction, when we're talking about theoretical yield, theoretical yield represents 100%. What we want now is we want an additional 50%. So we want 150%. But when it comes to percentages, we don't use them in our calculations that way, what we're gonna do is we're gonna divide this by 100. So that's gonna come out to 1.50. We're gonna take that 1.50 and multiply it by the 68.8 g of sodium acetate. That will give us our 50% access that we need. So multiply it by 1.50. That gives me 103.2 g of sodium acetate. Now we know that we want to isolate mls of solution. We're gonna start off by using first grams of sodium acetate because it's the easiest to manipulate because it's just one unit. So we have 100 and 3.2 g of sodium acetate. These grams of sodium acid. Taking cancel out with these grams of sodium acetate. So we're gonna put on the bottom 33.8 g of sodium acetate And 100 g of solution on top. Now we want to cancel out those grams of solution. So take the density, we take the 1.10 g of solution. Put them on the bottom And then the one middle liter of solution on top. So grams of solution cancel out. So at the end I'll have mls of solution. This comes out to 277.569 ml of solution here. This has three significant figures, three significant figures. Three significant figures. Uh 50%. Um that has one significant figures, but we'll go with the other ones. So that gives me 2 78 mls of my solution. Okay, so that's my answer there. So we're accustomed to seeing these types of word problems. The new twist was looking at excess, realized that when we're talking about theoretical yield, that's 100%. So any excess would just be that number added to the 100%. We would divide that, that new percentage by 100 to get its decimal form and then multiply by the theoretical yield, which in this case was 68.8 g of sodium acetate. Doing that helped us to isolate the volume of my solution in the end. Now we've seen this one. Try to attempt a practice question left here on the bottom again. Don't worry if you get stuck, just come back and see how I approach that practice problem left at the bottom of the page

So we're gonna say here a dilution involves the addition of water to a concentrated solution. We're gonna say typically a given volume of a concentrated solution is placed in a volumetric flask and with water being added to a determined mark. Now, typically when we're talking about dilutions we're gonna use the dilution equation which is M one V one equals M two V two. Here, M one represents the concentrated more clarity. This is basically our concentration of polarity. Before water has been added V one represents our initial volume, so before any additional water has been added em to represent our diluted concentration and V two represents our final volume after we've added the water. Now we're gonna say typically that M one which is more concentrated will be the larger concentration Than M two and V two is the larger volume is a larger volume than V one. V two represents your final volume which equals your initial volume, which is V one plus volume of added water. So just remember any time we're adding water to any type of solution that represents the dilution, which means that we may use this formula in some way or another. Knowing this will help guide us to the exact way of solving the following examples that are given on the bottom. You can take a look at example one um and attempted on your own but if you get stuck, just go onto the next video and see how I approach in answering the example question given below

here. It's asking how many grams of 53.1 weight percent sodium chloride should be diluted to 2.50 liters to make 0.15 moller and a cl. Now in this question we're not dealing with M one V one equals M two V two because we only have one volume and one polarity um involved within the question what this question itself is asking? It's asking us for the grams of solution. So how many grams of solution are needed based on what they've told us. Now with this information, we're gonna put all the given information on the other side and organize it to help isolate our grams of solution. So we have 53.1 weight percent sodium chloride solution. So that means we have 53.1 g of sodium chloride Over 100 g of solution. There goes the grams of solution. We know we need to isolate at the very end of all our calculations, we're told that we have 2.50 liters and then we're given a polarity of 0.15. What does that really mean? While polarity is moles over liters. So 0.15 molar really means that I have 0.15 moles of sodium chloride Per one L of solution. So we know we need to isolate my grams of solution. We're gonna start out first with the 2.50 L because it's just one unit by itself, easier to manipulate. So we have 2.50 L. We want to cancel out leaders. So we're gonna bring down the polarity, we're gonna have the one liter of solution here on the bottom And we're gonna have .15 moles of sodium chloride here on top. Leaders cancel out. At the moment. We have moles of sodium chloride. We know that. We need to isolate these grams of solution to be able to do that. We need to cancel out these grams of sodium chloride. That means that the molds that I have right now have to change into grams. So the molecular weight that were given for sodium chloride we can use. Now We're gonna say one mole of sodium chloride on the bottom weighs 58.443 g of sodium chloride on top. So moles cancel out. Now I have grams of sodium chloride Now that I finally have those grams of NACL. I can use them to cancel out the 53.1 g of NACL. So we have 53.1 g of NACL. Here on the bottom. 100 g of solution on top. When we plug that in, that's gonna give me 41.27 33 g of solution. Now, if we look that's three significant figures. Three significant figures. Two significant figures. So at the end, we're going to say we need approximately 41g of solution to accomplish this. Now, taking a look at this example, let's see if you guys can attempt the practice problem that's left on the bottom, Come back, take a look and see how I approach that same exact question.

here we're told to calculate the density of 15.9 mls of a 49.1% by weight of acquis per cleric acid when it is diluted to 825 mls of 8250.100 moller per chlorate acid solution. All right. So, they want us to find density of this solution. So that would mean that I would need the grams of my per caloric acid solution divided by the mls or centimeters cubed of my per caloric acid solution. From the given information. We realize first that we already have the volume of my per clerk asset solution needed for the density that's found right here. They're asking me to find the density of 15.9 mls. So that right there we plug right on the bottom and that's the volume or mls of my solution. All we have to do now is figure out what my new g of solution will be after diluting uh this 49.1% by weight per Clark acid solution to these new concentration and new volume. Alright, so we're going to say that the word of when it's in between two numbers means multiply and realize here that polarity is moles over leaders. So that means if I can change these mls to leaders, I can multiply these together and isolate moles at the end. So I'm gonna take the 825 mls I'm gonna say here for everyone. Leader I have 1000 mL. Next we're gonna stay here. That 0.100 moller really means that I have 0.100 moles of per caloric acid over one liter. So leaders here cancel out again. We want grams of our solution at the end. Where are we going to get those grams of solution? Well, we're told what the percent By weight or weight percent is. That's 49.1 g of perk Lorik acid for every 100 g of solution. Here are the grams of solution. I need to isolate and to be able to isolate them. I'm gonna have to cancel out those grams of per caloric acid on top. So right now we're we have moles. Within our calculations, we're gonna have to change those moles into g. We're told that the molecular weight of per cleric acid is 100.461 g per mole. So for every one mole of per caloric acid, I have 100.461 g of per caloric acid moles cancel out. And I finally have isolated grams of perk Lorik acid. Lastly take the weight percent that were given the very beginning of the question. Take those grams and plug them here on the bottom. Take the 100 g of solution and plug him on top. When we do that, we'll isolate our grams of solution. So when we do that, we get 16.8799 g of per chlorate acid solution. Take that and plug it in 16.8799 g over 15.9 MLS When we do that, that gives me 1.06163 g/m2. If we look at all the numbers given this has three sig figs, three sig figs, three sig figs and three sig figs, which would mean at the end we want our density to also be three significant figures. So it comes out to 1.06 g per mil a leader as the density for my solution, now that we've seen that example, attempt to do this final example on this page as always if you get stuck or just want to see how I approach it. Just click over to the next video and see how we approach this question to get our desired answer.

the density of 63.7 weight percent sodium hydroxide is 0.915 g per milliliter, how many milliliters of water should be diluted to 850 mls to create 8500.4 to 5 molar sodium hydroxide. Alright, so here they're asking us how many ml of water? It's really asking how many milliliters of solution should be diluted. So that's what we're looking for. What we're gonna do now is we're going to isolate all the information and see how we can isolate those ml of solution. We're told here that we have 63.7% sodium hydroxide. So that means we have weight% 63.7 g of sodium hydroxide for every 100 g of solution, We're told that the density of the solution is .915. So that's .915g of solution per one millimeter of solution. What else are we given? We're told that we have 850 mls to create 8500.4 to 5 molar sodium hydroxide. So we have 850 mls And then remember polarity is moles over L. So that's just .4-5 moles of sodium hydroxide per one liter. We're gonna start out with 850 mls first because remember that's just one unit easier to deal with. The others have a mixture of two units involved, harder to um to control. So we have 850 mls, This 850 MS is attached to this polarity. If we could change those mls into leaders and multiplied by the polarity, we can isolate the moles of sodium hydroxide. So we're gonna change mls into leaders. Remember that one leader is 1000 ml. Now that we have leaders of solution, we can cancel out the leaders from the polarity given. And that'll give us moles of N A. O. H. At the end. But here we gotta keep going. So so far we've used this portion of the given information. What do we have left? We have left the mass or weight percent and we're left with density. We know that we need to isolate ml of solution which are right here. Next I see that I have moles of N. A. O. H. So if I could change them into grams, I can cancel out these grams of N A. O. H. So we're gonna stay here for every one mole of N A. O. H. What is the mass of any O. H. Well, it's made up of one sodium, one oxygen and one hydrogen. And based on the atomic masses from the periodic table. Each of them is 22.98977 g. 15.9994 g and 1.00794 g. Add them all up together gives us 39.9971 g. So we have grams of N A. O. H. So bring down the weight percent, 63.7 g of any O. H. R. On the bottom, 100 g of solution on top. Finally I can cancel out the grams of solution by using the density of the solution given. So we put .915g of solution here on the bottom And then one middle liter of solution here on top. So when we punch all that in that gives me 24.79 ml of solution. And here we have three sig figs, three sig figs, four sig figs and three sig figs. So we can run that just 2 24.8 ml of solution would need to be diluted 2 850 mls in order to create 8500.4 to 5 Mueller and A O. H solution. Again, the warning of some of these problems can be a bit challenging. But the best approach, like I've been saying is to write down what you're looking for, first write down all the given information, try to isolate the units that you need to get the desired answer at the end. Doing that helps us to navigate through all the wording, all the crazy jumbled numbers in order to get our final answer. So hopefully guys were able to follow along in terms of these typical types of dilution questions and we'll continue onward into talking more about chemical reactions as well as Tokyo metric calculations that will become a focal point in discussing concentrations of solutions