Protic Acids and Bases

So here we're going to say that the most common feature of an acid is that many possess an H plus ion. This ion itself can be called the hydrogen ion or the hydro ni um ion. Now we're gonna say here when it comes to acids, there are basically two major types that exist here. We're gonna talk about the first one. Here we have binary assets. So binary acids where we have a church plus connected to an electro negative element. Now here we're gonna say that these types of acids lack the element oxygen and they usually possess no medals. The most common type of of these types of particular acids are the halo acids from the name we can tell that they're connected to allergens. So here we have H F Hcl HBR and H I Basically in order to make them. So these are from group seven. We have a church plus and remember group seven day elements, they all have a charge of minus one one. So basically that's how we got these halo acids. Now, other types of binary acids that can occur as well. Group six. So we have S two minus S. C two minus T. E to minus. They also can combine with H plus to give us binary acids. So here the numbers are different within the charges sale they don't cancel out like the halo acids, they crisscross. So this is a church two S. Which is hydro sulfuric acid, hydro celestic acid, hydrochloric acid, these are some of the most common types of halo acids that exists. We also have other ones such as hydro satanic acid. And then here you can have hydro zeke acid or as like acid. So these are the most common types of binary acids that can exist. Just realize here that when it comes to binary acids, you basically have an H plus in front connected to a non metal that is not oxygen. And we're gonna say here again, remember oxygen cannot be part of these types of binary acids and they usually contain no medals either. In the next video, you'll be able to see the second type of acids that are most common. So just click over to the next video and take a look at the second class of acids.

So our second class of acids are known as your oxy acids and your oxy acids just have H plus a nonmetal and oxygen. These two particular parts really form a poly atomic ion which is interacting with the H plus. Uh for example you have here H plus and then you have phosphate ion. So Once they combine you have H three p 04. So that is phosphoric acid, an example of an oxy acid. If you have a church plus with your nitrate ion, they combined to give you nitric acid. Now here, this is how the ions interactive form the acid. But in reality they are created by the hydration of non metal oxides. So to form carbonic acid, we have the union of carbon dioxide, gas and water. So this is also an explanation of why if you leave tap water out or table water or any kind of water in a glass long enough carbon dioxide from the atmosphere will dissolve within it, making water slightly acidic here to make sulfuric acid, we have the union of sulfur tri oxide gas with water as a liquid. So that's how we have the creation of oxy acids. Remember an oxy acid is just H plus connected to a non metal and oxygen. You look for those three components and you have yourself an oxy acid. So when it comes to acids, they either fit the binary acid model or the oxy acid model. Now that we've seen that take a look at the example down below, we know the two types of acids that exists. And it's important to also remember that acids and bases contain some form of polarity. This is what allows them to interact in a quick solutions with the donation or the acceptance of H plus ions. So remember we have oxy acids, binary acids and they both have some level of polarity. Use that to guide you to the correct answer in the example below, come back and take a look and see how I answer that same exact question.

So here it states which of the following compounds compounds cannot be classified as an acid. Recall that we said assets fall into two categories. We have our binary acids and our oxy acids and both types of acids contain some level of polarity. Now, if we take a look at the first one, we have H two S. E. Well, that's one of the examples we saw for binary acids. That is hydro celestic acid. So that is an asset. So that is out. Next we have H. O. C. N. So we have hydrogen, oxygen and some non metals that there represents an oxy acid. And in fact this is just scion, IQ acid and again, this is hydro Selena acid. Next we have H&3, that is also a binary acid we saw up above. So this is hydro zeke acid. Next we have C three H eight. This compound here is composed of only carbons and hydrogen. So it is by nature non polar. Remember the electro negative difference between carbon and hydrogen is very minimal, so small. In fact that we say it contains non polar bonds. So this is a non polar compound, therefore cannot represent an acid. So here out of all the options choices D would have to be the correct choice. So remember when it comes to these types of acids, we have binary assets which is just a church plus connected to an electro negative element, that electro negative elements. The most common ones are nitrogen phosphorus sulfur or one of the allergens. Selenium, solarium. Remember binary acids do not contain oxygen and they usually possess no metals. Oxy acids are H plus connected to a non metal and oxygen. The non metal and oxygen really is just a poly atomic ion that is connected to that H plus ion. Remember these fundamentals when trying to describe the different types of acids that exist?

So here we're going to say that when an acid neutralizes a base, an ionic compound called a salt is formed. Now these solutions can be neutral, acidic or basic depending on the acid base properties of the cat ions and an ions formed. Uh so a good example here, we could have HF reacting with N A O H. So the compounds that we make are in A F. Plus water, N A F. Represents my ionic compound, that is my ionic salt. Now this ionic salt is composed of a cat ion which is a positive ion and an an ion which is the negative ion. We'll come back to this later on and see what kind of solution this ionic salt could potentially make. Now when we're taking a look at the ions, remember we have cat ions and and ions. Cat ions are just the positive ions and we group them into three major categories. We have here our transition metals, our main group metals and our positive means now here when it comes to transition metals, remember on your periodic table, those are the metals within the pit of the periodic table, we're gonna say here if they have a charge of plus two or higher then they will be classified as being acidic. If their charge is less than plus two, then they are classified as neutral. Here we have titanium to bromide. When it breaks up into its ions, it breaks up into titanium two plus plus B r minus. Again we're only focusing on the positive ion for this point here this is a transition metal, it's met the requirement of being of having a minimal charge of two plus because of that, this titanium ion is acidic. Next main group metals, these are metals from groups one A two, A three, A four a basically metals that are not transition metals. For them they have to be plus three or higher in charge in order to be acidic if they are less than plus three than they are neutral. Here we have gallium iodide, So galleons from group three A which explains where this three came from. So it's G A three plus plus the three iodide. Again, we're not focusing on the negative ion at this point, we're just focused on the cat ion. The positive ion that is formed here, gallium is has met the requirement of having a plus three charge or higher. Therefore it is acidic. So for our first two examples, this would help to create an acidic solution. So with this finally we have here positive means. Now a means remember are compounds that contain carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen. So like example, methyl, amine or benzel, amine or their compounds that contain just nitrogen and hydrogen like ammonia or the ammonium ion or hydrazine. Okay, now we're talking about the positively charged ones here positively charged amines are acidic here, we have ammonium nitrate. So it breaks up into the ammonium ion. This represents a positive I mean because it contains just nitrogen, hydrogen. And remember positive amines are automatically acidic technically here this N. 02 minus um would be basic. But again, we're just focusing on the positive ion for this portion. So remember an ionic salt deals with an ionic compound which is composed of a positive ion called a cat ion, and a negative ion called an an ion. At this point we've looked at the requirements to determine if a positive ion is either acidic or neutral, click on to the next video and see how do we gauge if an an ion which is the negative ion is acidic is basic or neutral. So an ions can either be basic or neutral and cat ions can be either acidic or neutral. So keep in mind the rules that we've covered in terms of a cat eye on, click onto the next video to take a look at an ions.

So now we're gonna take a look at an ions. Now remember an ions are your negative ions within your ionic salt? They can either be basic or neutral. Now here we're going to say if we take a look at K. F. It breaks up into K. Positive and F. Negative. We're gonna say here to determine if this is a basic ionic salt. We're gonna add an H. Plus to the negative ion. So we add H plus to f minus to give us HF. We're gonna say add an H. Plus to the an ion. And if you create a weak acid then your negative ion is basic. So here H. F. Is a weak acid and because it's weak that means its conjugate base will be stronger. So f minus is stronger. So we can say its basic. Now here we have L. I. B. R. So we break this up into its ions. Again we add an H. Plus to the negative ion. But in this case if you create a strong acid which this is that means that your conjugate base, the B R minus is neutral. Remember if you're strong one way you're incredibly weak. The other way if you create a weak acid that means you have a stronger conjugate base that's why it is basic. If you create a strong acid that means you have an incredibly weak conjugate base so weak that it is neutral. So that's how we take a look at an ionic compound. So here if we could go back up to R. N. A. F. That we got originally we have an A. Plus which is a cat eye on it is a main group metal. Remember they have to be plus three or higher to be acidic because it is not it is neutral F minus. We just saw that if you have a negative ion you add an H. Plus to it. We create HF, which is a weak acid. So this negative ion is basic. When you have a neutral and you have a basic that means your solution overall will be basic because neutral means we can ignore it. So we'd say that N. A F. Is an is a basic ionic salt. Now that you've seen cat ions and and ions click onto the next video to take a look at an esoteric species.

So um faltering species are compounds that can act as an acid or a base. Now when it comes to an esoteric species, they can be classified as being either acidic or basic in this category. It's just important to remember which one do we put in whichever category. Now, when it comes to acidic and filtering compounds, remember what fits in this category are we have by sulfate, h S L four minus. We have by sulfite, we have di hydrogen phosphate. Here. These are all acidic types of Amfa terek species. For basic ones, we have bicarbonate, we have hydrogen sulfide ion and then we have hydrogen phosphate ion. So again remember in a photo eric species can act as an acid or a base. This is seen by the fact that they possess hydrogen so they can act as acids but they also possess negative charges so they can act as bases. But here they're grouping is really based on their K values. Later when we take a look at di product as well as polyp product, acids and bases, we'll learn why exactly do we classify some as acidic and others as basic