Arrhenius Acids and Bases

when it comes to our understanding of acids and bases. One of the first models that came into fruition was the idea of the Iranian acid based model. Now here we say the most general definition for acids and bases was developed by Iranian himself near the end of the 19th century. Now here, according to Arrhenius, the H plus or hydrogen or hydro nia my on cat ion and the hydroxide and ion our fundamental, the concept of acids and bases. Now we know now that there are assets that don't have H plus and there are bases that definitely do not have O. H minus. So we've expanded our understanding of acids. His definition failed to basically describe acidic and basic behavior in non Equis media. According to Iranian understanding of acids and bases, they had to be dissolved within an Aquarius solution such as water in order to free up these ions and be classified as an acid or a base. Following the Iranians definition, it states that an acid is a compound that increases your hydrogen ion or hydro ni um ion concentration when dissolved in a solvent, typically water. So for example, we could have Hcl and when it dissolves in water, it gives us a church plus and cl minus Equus. Now in actuality um it's not really just this, in actuality we have our hcl ion or hcl compound donating an H plus to water to create the hydro knee um ion and the Clyde ion. And remember that H plus and H +30 plus are synonymous for one another. They're basically the same thing. So according to his definition this is what happened. But in actuality it's more so this now according to the arena's definition for bases they increase O. H minus concentration when dissolved in a solvent. Typically under this definition we'd have a metal like an A. O. H. Connected to um O. H. It would dissolve in water because it's soluble in water. Break up into an A. Plus acquis and O. H. Minus Aquarius. So according to Iranians definition, Hcl is a Arrhenius acid because we just increase the amount of free floating H. Plus in our solution and N. A. O. H. Would be an arena space because we freed up the amount of O. H minus found within our solution, realize that these are just very general very basic reasons for what constitutes an acid and a base. Now that you've seen these examples, take a look at example one and see if you can get the final answer that's asked of you.

So here for this example one it says which ions are formed from the association of the following compound, we're dealing with sulfuric acid, which is a strong acid in this form, it will completely ionized into its ions here. If we looked at the quick version of the products we form, you could say it has two acidic hydrogen. So we have two H plus acquis plus S. +042 minus your sulfate ion. But this would not paint an accurate picture of what's really going on with sulfuric acid. It is a strong die protic acid because it's dia protic, it's going to relinquish or give up to H Plus ions that we have here but it doesn't do them both at the same time. It releases one at a time. So the sulfuric acid form is its strong acid form here we produce initially H plus plus S. O. H. S. +04 minus. And in this form it's strong, that's why we have a single arrow going forward. Now this product here that's formed still possesses another acidic hydrogen. But here it's in it's much weaker state. That could also give up an H Plus. But now because it's weak, it doesn't go to completion and form 100% of these products. So here we're gonna have double arrows here once it gives up that H plus right here it becomes your sulfate ion. And if you want the overall equation here we have our hydrogen sulfate ions, their intermediates and they cancel out and that's how we're left at the end with this overall equation, These two are on the same side. So they don't cancel out. They add up. So that's what's really going on in terms of sulfuric acid. The H pluses are released in stages. Not all at one time seeing it that way is how we got this final equation at the end. Now that you see an example one, see if you can do example too. Don't worry about any tricks that happened with that. All you gotta do is just break that up into its ions and see what's produced. Pretty simple because the Arrhenius definition of acids and bases is one of the first ways of understanding assets and bases, so it's pretty simple.

So let's finish the last question left on the bottom of the page here it says which ions are formed from the association of the following compound. Pretty straightforward question. Here we have calcium hydroxide, a strong base which undergoes complete ionization, is composed of calcium ions and hydroxide ions. Here it breaks up into calcium ion which is C. A. Two plus a quiz. And then here we have two hydroxide ions. Now here we don't have to worry about going into further detail because when it comes to a strong base both of those O H minus groups are of equal strengths. So it just breaks up into this one easy equation. When it comes to die product or try product acid. Each one of those acidic hydrogen is a varying strength. Therefore each one requires their own separate equation. And then later on we combine them all together to get our final overall equation. So just remember for acids there are different K. S. And sometimes just different strengths attached to each one of the acidic hydrogen. But for strong bases in terms of definition each O H minus is of equal strength. So you can do it all in one shot with one simple equation. Like we did an example to now that we've looked at this basic understanding of acids and bases will continue onward with a more accurate, more in depth look of how assets and bases truly react when there are an aqueous solution