Primary reinforcers and punishers play a crucial role in behavior modification due to their direct connection to fundamental biological needs. However, the use of primary punishers, particularly in research settings, raises significant ethical concerns. For instance, inflicting pain on humans is widely regarded as unethical. In animal research, such as experiments involving rats or pigeons in a Skinner box, the application of mild electric shocks as punishment can also be seen as ethically questionable. Many individuals may find it unacceptable to subject animals to any form of pain or discomfort.

Moreover, denying animals access to essential resources like food and water, especially for extended periods, poses additional ethical dilemmas. It is essential to ensure that any research involving primary reinforcement or punishment is conducted with a strong emphasis on ethical standards. This includes closely monitoring the welfare of both human and animal subjects to prevent unnecessary suffering and to uphold humane treatment throughout the research process.