Which of the following statements about punishment in the context of psychological disorders is false?

• A. Punishment may result in negative emotional responses such as fear or anger.
• B. Punishment can temporarily suppress unwanted behavior.
• C. Punishment always leads to long-term behavioral change.
• D. Punishment is less effective than reinforcement for promoting desired behaviors.

Answer: (C)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Understand the concept of punishment in psychology, which refers to any consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior recurring.
2. Step 2: Analyze each statement by comparing it to established psychological principles about punishment.
3. Step 3: Recognize that punishment can cause negative emotional responses like fear or anger, which is a well-documented effect.
4. Step 4: Note that punishment often temporarily suppresses unwanted behavior but does not guarantee long-term change, making the statement 'Punishment always leads to long-term behavioral change' false.
5. Step 5: Understand that reinforcement (rewarding desired behavior) is generally more effective than punishment for promoting lasting behavioral change.