Which statement about risks in social and behavioral sciences research is most accurate?

• A. Social and behavioral sciences research rarely involves any risks to participants.
• B. Risks in social and behavioral sciences research are always predictable and easily controlled.
• C. Physical harm is the primary risk in social and behavioral sciences research.
• D. Risks in social and behavioral sciences research are often psychological or social rather than physical.

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Understand the types of risks involved in social and behavioral sciences research. These risks often differ from those in medical or physical sciences, focusing more on psychological, social, or emotional impacts rather than physical harm.
2. Step 2: Recognize that social and behavioral research can involve risks such as stress, anxiety, loss of privacy, or social stigma, which are not always visible or physical but can significantly affect participants.
3. Step 3: Evaluate the common misconceptions: physical harm is not the primary risk in this type of research, and risks are not always predictable or easily controlled due to the complexity of human behavior and social interactions.
4. Step 4: Conclude that the most accurate statement acknowledges that risks in social and behavioral sciences research are often psychological or social rather than physical, reflecting the nature of the research and its potential impacts on participants.
5. Step 5: Summarize that ethical considerations in this field focus heavily on protecting participants from psychological and social risks through informed consent, confidentiality, and careful study design.