Which of the following is NOT considered a source of self-efficacy according to Bandura's theory?

• A. Vicarious experiences
• B. Verbal persuasion
• C. Physiological states
• D. Classical conditioning

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand that Bandura's theory of self-efficacy identifies four main sources that influence a person's belief in their ability to succeed: mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, and physiological and emotional states.
2. Review each option given in the problem and compare it to the four sources from Bandura's theory: Vicarious experiences (observing others), Verbal persuasion (encouragement), Physiological states (bodily sensations), and Classical conditioning.
3. Recognize that classical conditioning is a learning process related to associating stimuli and responses, but it is not listed by Bandura as a source of self-efficacy.
4. Conclude that the option 'Classical conditioning' is NOT considered a source of self-efficacy according to Bandura's theory because it does not directly influence self-beliefs in the way the other sources do.
5. Summarize that the correct answer is the one that does not fit into Bandura's four sources of self-efficacy, which in this case is classical conditioning.