Which of the following is not normally affected by long-term alcohol use?

• A. Skin pigmentation
• B. Liver function
• C. Cardiovascular health
• D. Cognitive abilities

Answer: (A)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Understand the effects of long-term alcohol use on the body by reviewing common physiological and psychological impacts documented in research.
2. Step 2: Identify how long-term alcohol use affects liver function, noting that chronic alcohol consumption can lead to liver diseases such as cirrhosis and fatty liver.
3. Step 3: Examine the impact on cardiovascular health, recognizing that alcohol can influence blood pressure, heart rate, and increase the risk of heart disease.
4. Step 4: Consider cognitive abilities, understanding that prolonged alcohol use can impair memory, decision-making, and other cognitive functions due to its neurotoxic effects.
5. Step 5: Compare these effects to skin pigmentation, which is generally not directly altered by long-term alcohol use, making it the exception among the options.