According to Michael Lewis, which of the following is considered a primary emotion?

• A. Shame
• B. Guilt
• C. Fear
• D. Pride

Answer: (C)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of primary emotions as defined in psychology. Primary emotions are basic, universal emotions that are biologically hardwired and experienced by all humans across cultures.
2. Recall Michael Lewis's theory on emotions, which distinguishes between primary emotions and self-conscious emotions. Primary emotions are immediate and automatic responses to stimuli.
3. Identify the options given: Shame, Guilt, Fear, and Pride. Recognize that shame, guilt, and pride are considered self-conscious emotions because they require self-awareness and social context.
4. Recognize that fear is classified as a primary emotion because it is an innate, automatic response to perceived threats and does not require self-reflection or social evaluation.
5. Conclude that among the options, fear is the primary emotion according to Michael Lewis's framework.