Debbie and Ron are lower-SES parents. Which of the following is probably true of their parenting?

• A. They are more likely to encourage independence and self-expression.
• B. They are more likely to use physical discipline and emphasize obedience.
• C. They are more likely to use reasoning and negotiation rather than direct commands.
• D. They are less likely to set clear rules and expectations for their children.

Answer: (B)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of socioeconomic status (SES) and its influence on parenting styles. Lower-SES parents often face more environmental stressors and limited resources, which can affect their parenting approaches.
2. Recognize that research in developmental psychology shows lower-SES parents tend to emphasize obedience and respect for authority, often using more direct and sometimes physical forms of discipline to ensure safety and compliance.
3. Contrast this with higher-SES parents, who are more likely to encourage independence, self-expression, and use reasoning or negotiation in their parenting style.
4. Analyze the options given: encouraging independence and self-expression or using reasoning and negotiation are more typical of higher-SES parenting, while physical discipline and emphasis on obedience align with lower-SES parenting patterns.
5. Conclude that the statement 'They are more likely to use physical discipline and emphasize obedience' is consistent with psychological research on lower-SES parenting styles.