Which of the following best describes how social learning theory explains the influence of reinforcement on behavior?

• A. It states that behavior is learned exclusively through verbal instruction, without regard to reinforcement.
• B. It argues that reinforcement only affects behavior through direct personal experience, not observation.
• C. It claims that reinforcement has no impact on learning, focusing solely on innate biological drives.
• D. It suggests that individuals learn behaviors by observing others and the consequences they receive, such as reinforcement or punishment.

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand that social learning theory emphasizes learning through observation of others, rather than only through direct experience.
2. Recognize that reinforcement in social learning theory refers to the consequences (rewards or punishments) that follow a behavior, which can influence whether an observer adopts that behavior.
3. Note that reinforcement can be vicarious, meaning individuals learn by seeing others being reinforced or punished, not just through their own direct reinforcement.
4. Compare the given options to see which one aligns with the idea that behavior is learned by observing others and the consequences they face.
5. Identify that the correct description is the one stating that individuals learn behaviors by observing others and the consequences they receive, such as reinforcement or punishment.